Presentation on Chinese History

Andrew Morris History Department 3 November 2006

“This is Shanghai, a big city on Chinese soil.

How dare you call us Communist China.

Communist China has become history.

Such a term no longer exists.” – PRC Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan, to Taiwanese reporter, 2001 APEC Meeting, Shanghai

“The Slumbering Red Giant”?

• Western obsession/ fantasy that China has to “catch up” to superior West • Chinese certainty that the Middle Kingdom’s 2000 years of economic/ cultural/political superiority is more historically authentic than USA’s 60 years as #1

“Foreign languages and Shakespeare will be taught at Cal Poly over my dead body.” – unnamed Cal Poly President, 1960s

The Grand Canal Built 7 th century (Sui Dynasty), 1200 miles long A “wonder of the world” to Europeans 1000 years later …

The Cosmopolitan Tang Dynasty: Chang’an • Cosmopolitan city of 1 million – world center of politics, culture, learning • Multiethnic cities: capital, Guangzhou

• Influenced by Central Asia • Influence spreading all over Eurasia • (1000 years later, the biggest European cities have population of 100,000)

Example: Religious Diversity

Historical Implication: Linguistic Diversity

“Modern China” and the Song Dynasty (960-1279) • Problematize notion that “modern” = Western • Emergence and growth of middle classes – social mobility: • Merchant power: chambers of commerce, foreign sea trade • Emergence of industry • Money economy (incl. paper money) • Expansion of exam system • Social legislation by state and Buddhists

• Invention of paper money: ~700 years before it appears in Europe in late 17 th c.

• National credit market • Yearly trade in capital Kaifeng, 11 18 • 11 th th c.

th c. = 50% more than London trade c. industry not matched by any European state until the 18 th century

Military Technology • (At right) Composite crossbow from Song – some are mounted and operated by 100 men • [By the 2nd century BCE the Han Dynasty had fashioned long-range repeater crossbows with trigger mechanisms on rotating bases]

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) The Yongle Emperor, Beijing and the return of the Middle Kingdom

Zheng He ( 鄭和 , 1371-1433) Muslim, eunuch, admiral (Ma Sanbao, Hajji Mahmud)

Zheng He’s Ming Armada “Treasure Ships”: 440 feet in length, 2500 tons capacity

Zheng He’s Ming Armada • Seven voyages: 1405-1433 • First fleet: 317 ships, including 62 in Treasure Ship class • Smaller ships range down to 200 feet • (Spanish Armada 1588 has 137 ships, 7 of 1000 ton burden) • Manufacture causes great deforestation up Yangzi Valley

The Tributary System Recognition of “Middle Kingdom” = TRADE!

1960s: Maoist version of the “Middle Kingdom” (2000s-: Global capitalist version …)

Power of the High Qing (late 17 th – early 19 th c.) “Everything which the people need for their well-being and sustenance, whether it be for food or clothing or even delicacies and superfluities, is abundantly produced within the borders of the kingdom and not imported from foreign climes.” - 17 th -century European assessment of Chinese wealth and self-sufficiency

The Opium War Resulting hostility towards West, not “foreigners” Feng Guifen - “There is only one thing to learn from the barbarians, and that is strong ships and effective guns.”

The Rise of Market-Leninism

“Mao offers you enterprise management tips you can’t get from any other business studies, especially Western ones.” – China Business (2003) “Acclaim from the leader is a great source of affirmation and identification for the lower levels.” – Mao Zedong Teaches us About Personnel Matters (2003) “The books can help enable someone seeking self improvement to learn from a person who has already notched up such great success.” – Central Party History Publishing House, 2003

Cui Jian “The Elvis, Beatles, Dylan, Springsteen and Cobain of China”

The red flag’s still aflutter But there’s no fixed direction “Eggs Under the Red Flag” The revolution still continues The old men have still more power Money flutters in the air We have no ideals Although the air is clear We can’t see any further My stomach is full now My brain is clear now too But don’t say this is a great favor It can never be repaid We are no longer pawns in a chess game Following lines drawn by others We try standing up ourselves Get moving and take a look at everything

“The Two Wangs,” April 2001 Wang Zhizhi, China’s first NBA player Wang Wei, pilot of downed fighter jet that collided with EP-3 spy plane

Zheng He, Part 2: Mythology, Nationalism (and Profit)

“The Workshop of the World” • Manufactures two thirds of the world’s copiers, microwave ovens, DVD players and shoes • World’s largest producer of coal, steel, cement • 2nd largest consumer of energy • 3rd largest importer of oil • Exports to US have grown by 1,600 percent over the past 15 years • 2004 exported $18 billion worth of goods to Wal Mart (China has 5,000 of Wal-Mart’s 6,000 suppliers) • Intel Science and Engineering Fair, 2004: Americans participating: 65,000 Chinese participating: 6 million

“The Great Mall of China” “1 billion souls to save; 2 billion armpits to deodorize”

Profit = Democracy?

Or Profit vs. Democracy?

Justifications?

“Our continued engagement with China is the best (and perhaps only) way for Google to help bring the tremendous benefits of universal access to all our users there.” – Google, 2006 “One could walk away. But that would also be turning our back on the problem.” – Microsoft, 2006

Opinions / Spin • "Perhaps we have to look again at our presence there. We have to decide if the persecuting of bloggers reaches a point that it's unacceptable to do business there. We try to define those levels and the trends are not good there at the moment." - Microsoft Senior Policy Counsel Fred Tipson, 2 November 2006 • Anriette Esterhuysen, Executive Director of Association for Progressive Communications: Corporations should not be made responsible for securing freedoms. Instead, government should enforce ethical policies on companies who do business with foreign governments.

Taiwan: The Renegade Province • Facing 700+ nuclear tipped PRC missiles • 2006: PRC military budget increased by 14.7% (to US$35.3 billion) - because of efforts of “Taiwanese independence secessionist forces”

What’s at stake with Taiwan?

• (Recent panda politics) • PRC’s historical supremacy & legacy • “Domino effect” – Tibet, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia • Japanese, US influence

BRAIN FAILURE: "Listen To My Back" That's what i know i'm eating a hotpot listen to the people behind talking talking five brothers on a table one guy says he has another brother been five years in jail and two years junk he's clean now but what he gonna do all he knows is he wants some money he wants some money yeah that's what i know i'm eating a hotpot listen to the people behind talking talking it’s my kind of favorite just like you love to watch the peepshow yeah maybe in a 1920 Buick maybe in the 90s fast food maybe in the KFC 2nd av. 14th st. that's what i feel i'm eating a hotpot listen to the people behind talking talking five brothers on a table one guy says he has another brother they maybe all fucking gangs they maybe all fucking cops i don't know if this place is safe west shop 300 lets go go go that's what i feel that's what i know!

The 21 st Century as “The Chinese Century”?

Sun Yat-sen, 1912 Ted Fishman, 2005