Transcript Slide 1

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a flat
organization?
A. Few Middle Managers
B. Program Based Budgets
C. Shared Responsibility for Implementation
D. Employees empowered to make decisions
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a flat
organization?
A. Few Middle Managers
B. Program Based Budgets
C. Shared Responsibility for Implementation
D. Employees empowered to make decisions
In the 1930’s states started a functional classification
system for highways that included all of the following
EXCEPT
A. Interstate
B. Primary
C. Secondary
D. Local
In the 1930’s states started a functional classification
system for highways that included all of the following
EXCEPT
A. Interstate
B. Primary
C. Secondary
D. Local
The next two questions refer to the following list of
authors. Select from the list of authors the one who
has directly contributed to each of the following
specified fields of knowledge. A section may be used
once, more than once, or not at all.
Analysis of the intrinsic suitability of land for urban
development
A. Kevin Lynch
B. Saul Alinsky
C. Ian McHarg
D. Richard Babcock
The next two questions refer to the following list of
authors. Select from the list of authors the one who
has directly contributed to each of the following
specified fields of knowledge. A section may be used
once, more than once, or not at all.
Analysis of the intrinsic suitability of land for urban
development
A. Kevin Lynch
B. Saul Alinsky
C. Ian McHarg
D. Richard Babcock
Select from the list of authors the one who has directly
contributed to each of the following specified fields of
knowledge. A section may be used once, more than
once, or not at all.
Urban design and the form of the city
A. Kevin Lynch
B. Saul Alinsky
C. Ian McHarg
D. Richard Babcock
Select from the list of authors the one who has directly
contributed to each of the following specified fields of
knowledge. A section may be used once, more than
once, or not at all.
Urban design and the form of the city
A. Kevin Lynch
B. Saul Alinsky
C. Ian McHarg
D. Richard Babcock
Industry
Local Employment
National Employment
X
3%
6%
Y
10%
7%
Z
11%
3%
Listed above are two types of employment percentages for industries X, Y, and
Z in a metropolitan area. The local employment for each industry is listed as
a percent of total local employment and the national employment in each
industry is listed as a percent of total national employment. Under the
location quotient method, an economic planner can assign which of these
industries to the export sector of the metropolitan area?
A. X only
B. Y only
C. Z only
D. Y and Z only
Ebenezer Howard is best know for the concept of self-sufficient towns with
mixed economies which are called
A. New Towns
B. Garden Cities
C. Planned Unit Developments
D. Suburbs
Ebenezer Howard is best know for the concept of self-sufficient towns with
mixed economies which are called
A. New Towns
B. Garden Cities
C. Planned Unit Developments
D. Suburbs
The new town of Columbia, Maryland, has which of the following planned
features?
I.
Neighborhood Clusters
II. A rail commuter system
III. Prior land assembly
IV. Prohibition of industry
A. II only
B. I and III only
C. II and IV only
D. I, III, and IV only
The new town of Columbia, Maryland, has which of the following planned
features?
I.
Neighborhood Clusters
II. A rail commuter system
III. Prior land assembly
IV. Prohibition of industry
A. II only
B. I and III only
C. II and IV only
D. I, III, and IV only
The two lines on the graph above best represent which of the following
combinations of travel behavior in a metropolitan area of 2 million
population?
A. Transit and private automobile trips
B. Weekday and weekend trips
C. All work and nonwork trips
D. Office and retail generated trips
The two lines on the graph above best represent which of the following
combinations of travel behavior in a metropolitan area of 2 million population?
A. Transit and private automobile trips
B. Weekday and weekend trips
C. All work and nonwork trips
D. Office and retail generated trips
The next two questions refer to the following information. The desirability and
feasibility of a proposed shopping center are to be evaluated. The primary
concerns are that conditions of the city zoning ordinance be met and that the
project be a profitable venture. The developer owns a 30-acre parcel and
proposes to construct a 250,000-square-foot leasable area with 1,300 on-site
parking spaces. The shopping center will serve a trade area that contains
20,000 households. The average household income is $12,000. The
shopping center will have a 50:50 split of square footage between
convenience and shopper’s goods.
Which of the following would be appropriate in a shopping center of this size?
A. A major grocery and a drug store as prime tenants
B. Either a department or discount store as the anchor tenant
C. Three department stores of approximately the same size
D. A series of smaller stores rather than an anchor tenant
The next two questions refer to the following information. The desirability and
feasibility of a proposed shopping center are to be evaluated. The primary
concerns are that conditions of the city zoning ordinance be met and that the
project be a profitable venture. The developer owns a 30-acre parcel and
proposes to construct a 250,000-square-foot leasable area with 1,300 on-site
parking spaces. The shopping center will serve a trade area that contains
20,000 households. The average household income is $12,000. The
shopping center will have a 50:50 split of square footage between
convenience and shopper’s goods.
If an average of 400 square feet is needed to accommodate each parking space
and associated driveways, what would be the appropriate acreage of the
blacktop area of the site?
A. Less than 10 acres
B. Between 10 and 15 acres
C. Between 15 and 20 acres
D. More than 20 acres
Plan Implementation Part II
Jennifer Evans-Cowley, PhD, AICP
Professional Development Officer, Ohio
Key Concepts
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Taxes
Budgeting
Organizational Structure
Comprehensive Planning
Strategic Planning
Citizen Participation
“A budget may be characterized as a series of goals with
price tags attached” Aaron Wildavsky
Types of Taxes
• Regressive
• Progressive
Types of Revenue
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Property Tax
Income Tax
Sales Tax
Fees for Service
Grants
Methods of Finance
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Pay as you go
Reserve Funds
General Obligation Bonds
Revenue Bonds
Lease-Purchase
Special Districts
Special Assessments
Grants
Tax Increment Financing
Types of Budgeting Systems
• Line Item Budgeting
• Planning, Programming and Budgeting
Systems (PPBS)
• Management by Objective (MBO)
• Zero-Base Budget (ZBB)
Capital Improvements Program
• What is a Capital Improvement?
– Is a public facility that constitutes a major expenditure
and a long life involving nonrecurring expenditures
• What is a Capital Improvement Program?
– A guide to the provision of capital improvements by
balancing revenues, expenditures, as well as
sequencing of acquisition actions. It is linked to the
goals established within the comprehensive plan.
Bond Rating System
• Firms
– Standard & Poor’s AAA - C
– Moody’s Investors Service Aaa - C
• Two Types Issuer and Issue Rating
Certificates of Obligation
• What is a CO?
– Higher Interest Rate
– Does not have to be Voter Approved
Project Management
• Program Evaluation Review Technique
(PERT): Project management technique that
defines shared activities and creates a
sequence of events.
• Critical Path Programming (CPP): The
critical path of activities to complete a
project.
Forms of Local Govt
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Weak Mayor-Council
Strong Mayor-Council
Commission Plan
Council-Manager
Types of Local Governments
• General-purpose local government –
counties, municipalities, towns and
townships.
• Single-purpose local government – School
districts and special districts.
Span of Control
• Heirarchical
Manager
Technical Manager
Technician
Technician
Administrator
Planner
Administrative Asst.
Planner
Planning Assistant
Clerk
Intern
Planning Assistant
Span of Control
• Flat
Manager
Technician
Administrator
Administrative Asst.
Clerk
Organizational Center
• Staff Functions – Support line positions
– Budgeting, Human Resources
• Line Functions – Provide direct service
– Water, Parks
Work Areas
• Function – transportation, historic
preservation
• Process – zoning review, demographic
analysis
• Time – current v. long range
• Area - neighborhoods
Centralization
• Centralized - functional
• Decentralized – typically by area
Comprehensive Planning
• The official statement of a legislative body that
sets forth its major policies concerning
desirable future physical development
• Should be adopted by the governing body
• Key Elements
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Demographics
Land use
Transportation
Community facilities
Infrastructure
Strategic Planning
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Analyze Community Needs
Determine Long Term Objectives
SWOT Analysis
Involve stakeholders
Develop and evaluate alternatives
Develop policies
Conduct evaluation
Citizen Participation
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Computer simulation
Design Charrette
Facilitated Meetings
Neighborhood organizations
Delphi Method
Task Force
Visioning
Public Hearings
Plan Making
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Research methods and techniques
Collecting data
Techniques for organizing information
Analysis of information (quantitative and
qualitative)
• Demographics
• Fiscal impact analysis
Statistics
Key Topics
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Data Types/Measurement
Descriptive Statistics
Normal Distribution
Sampling Distribution
Estimation
Types of Statistics
• Descriptive – describes data
• Inferential – tells about population
– Sample statistic to estimate population
parameter
Types of Data
• Nominal: no order: social security number
• Ordinal: order, but no magnitude: letter
grade
• Interval: order, magnitude, but no fixed
interval: example temperature
• Ratio: order, magnitude, and interval (used
for measures of central tendency): distance
Measures of Central Tendency
• Mean (average)
• Median (middle number), best for skewed
data
• Mode (most frequent number)
Categorized Data
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Frequency
Cumulative Frequency
Relative Frequency
Cumulative Relative Frequency
Frequency
Class
Frequency
Relative Freq Cumulative
Frequency
Cumulative
Relative
Frequency
40-44
2
0.05
2
0.05
45-49
6
0.14
8
0.19
50-54
12
0.29
20
0.48
55-59
12
0.29
32
0.76
60-64
6
0.14
38
0.90
65-69
4
0.10
42
1
Total
42
1.00
Normal Distribution
Planning Analysis
Key Topics
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Population Projections
Employment Forecasting
Sources of Data
Methods of Data Analysis
Population
• Current Estimates
– Most recent US Census
– Migration and Natural Increase
• Birth and Death Rates (aggregate)
• Net Migration – school enrollment
– Step Down Method
• Using data for state/county/MSA
– Other: Telephone hookups, electric meters
• Population Projections
Population Projections
• Growth Curves
– Take Current Population and Historical
Population to identify a pattern of growth, which
is used to estimate future population.
100
90
80
Gompertz
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
40
350
35
300
30
250
25
200
20
15
10
150
100
5
50
0
0
Straight Projection
Exponential
Population Projections
• Step-down Methods (state, county, MSA)
– Use ratio of population of community to a larger area
• Cohort Survival
– Birth Rate/Death Rate
– Migration Rates
Population Pyramid
Source: Vicki Male
Birth Rates
• Need a birth rate of 2.1 to maintain the
population size
• Birth rates are generally going down
– Europe birth rate of 1.5 (European Union)
– United States rate of 2.0 – 2.1 (US Census)
Data Sources
• US Bureau of the Census
(http://www.census.gov)
• FedStats (http://www.fedstats.gov)
• National Center for Health Statistics
(http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/)
• State-level Department of Health for
information on birth and death rates
Employment Data
• US Bureau of the Census – 5 year economic
census (http://www.census.gov)
• County Business Patterns
(http://www.census.gov)
• Census Transportation Planning Package
(http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ctpp/)
Economic Base Analysis
• Economic Base Analysis tries to determine the
multiplier effect
– Location Quotient (concentration of a given industry
in a given place and compares it to the nation)
Location
Quotient =
Regional Employment in
Industry I in Year T
Total Regional
Employment
in Year T
/
National Employment
in
Industry I in Year T
Total National
Employment
in Year T
Economic Base Model
• If Location Quotient is >1 exporting
employment
• If Location Quotient is <1 importing
employment
• Basic Activities can be exported, while nonBasic Activities cannot be exported
Multiplier Effect
• Total Employment/Basic Employment
• 20,000/10,000 = 2.0
• Every basic employee generates 2.0
employees. That person plus 1.0 additional
employees.
Shift-Share Analysis
• Analyzes change in employment in a given area
and given industry
• Look at two periods
• Between 1990 and 2000 the helium industry
increased employment by 3 percent in the Amarillo,
Texas Metropolitan Area. The MSA’s employment
increased by 10 percent.
• Between 1990 and 2000 the helium industry growth
was 5 percent nationally and overall employment
grew 10 percent.
Thank You!