Transcript Document
TAL A D V A N C E M E N T
STUDY TEAM Chief Advisor Sh. T. Madhava Menon, IAS (Retd) Emeritus Fellow ISDL & Chairman, ISA Advisors Dr. P. Sivanandan & Dr. K. Pushpangadan Fellows, Centre for Development Studies, Principal Investigator Dr. P.K. Sivanandan, IAS (Retd) Director, ISA Sh. M.P. Jaisingh Sh. PV Hari Smt. V.K. Sulochana Co-Principal Investigators Scientist G (Retd) CBRI, Roorkee Chief Architect, PWD (Retd), Trivandrum Chief Engineer, PWD (Retd), Trivandrum SUBMITTED TO Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions Government of India, Sardar Patel Bhavan, New Delhi – 110 001 INSTITUTE FOR SOCIETAL ADVANCEMENT Thiruvananthapuram - 695 013.
0471 - 2362308 E-mail : [email protected]
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PREFACE
NEW INITIATIVES - Empowerment of People THROUGH - Training - Support Activities - Handholding, - Sustainable livelihood of Poor, specially Tribal Families - Mobilising People, Specially Poor - To build and operate organisations to implement project components - Appropriate Technologies - Creation of “little republics” - Hamlet Development Committees - Independent committed Programme Implementing Agency - Corruption free Development Administration.
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Kerala
Attappady Block Fig.1 LOCATION MAP
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ATTAPPADY IS UNIQUE
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GEOGRAPHICALLY IT IS AN EAST WARD SLOPING VALLEY IN WESTERN GHATS.
THROUGH THE SIRUVANI BHAVANI INTO THE KAVERI.
DRAINING AND THE IT IS THE HOME OF THREE ST COMMUNITIES - IRULAS, MUDUGAS AND KURUMBAS (PRIMITIVE) EXPLOITED BY INMIGRANT SETTLERS.
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IT HAS BEEN SUBJECTED TO OVER EXPLOITATION OF LAND AND FOREST AND WAS FACING DESERTIFICATION.
CONVENTIONAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT FAILED.
THE JBIC ASSISTED PROJECT INNOVATED A PROGRAM BASED ON PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION .
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1. Recurrent drought 2. Land, left uncultivated and poor productivity, specially in tribal lands 3. Starvation deaths 4. Deaths due to sickle-cell anaemia among tribal population 5. Contractor – Politician – bureaucrat nexus 6. Corruption – Ridden Administration 7. Grama Sabha not active 8. People helpless against the blatant corruption of Panchayati Raj functionaries
Source: T.K. Jose etal, 1999, Study Report
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OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
“ Ecological restoration of degraded wasteland in Attappady and development of replicable models of participative eco-restoration, so as to prevent further degradation and promote sustainable method of livelihood for the local people (with special emphasis on tribal population) in harmony with resource base”
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COMPONENTS
Soil and Biomass Management
Human Resource Development
Land Development Afforestation
Infrastructure facilities such as
Agro-forestry conservation
Project Offices, Equipment Vehicles and Access roads.
Water Resources Development
Detailed Survey, Detailed designing and evaluation.
Ecologically compatible Income generating Schemes.
International Consultancy Services.
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Organizational setup of the Project
Govt. of India Govt. of Kerala High Power Committee Governing Body AHADS
Implementing Agency
JFMC (29 Nos.) Forest Areas Development Units (15 Nos.)
Watershed level
UA (93 Nos.) Micro Watershed Level LAG An Operational Unit at Sub Micro Watershed Level OVS (160 Nos.) Tribal Hamlets
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15 Macro Watersheds
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Attappady Block Map with watersheds
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AGENCIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION
PROJECT IMPLEMENTING AGENCY (PIA) – ATTAPPADY HILL AREAS DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY (AHADS)
FIELD LEVEL IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES 1. Regional 2. Functional
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THE USER’S ASSOCIATION FOR EACH MICRO-WATERSHED
- 93 Nos.
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LOCAL ACTION GROUPS UNDER EACH USER’S ASSOCIATION
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A People Centered Project
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Grass root level peoples organizations to plan & implement field level activities: 93 User Associations (UA) & Local Action Groups (LAG) under each UA - 160 Ooru Vikasana Samithi (OVS) - 29 Joint Forest Management Committees JFMCs) - 120 Taikulasangams
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Through empowerment and skill development of poor. Tribal & women well represented in organization building.
No contractors or middlemen - benefits direct to poor.
Totally corruption free administration.
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Role & Representation of ST & Women in the Executive Committee of User Association
Total No. of Executive Committee members 9 Either President or Secretary Either President, Vice President, Secretary or Treasurer Out of 9 Executive members Out of 9 Executive members ST Woman 5 Women 4 ST
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Human Resource Development Preparing People for Implementation
Project familiarisation- Orientation -Skill development
Training
Project Formulation Supported by
Environment Creation
1. Awareness campaign 2. Film show 3. Street play 16
Forestry Activities
Afforestation -909 Ha -770 Ha in progress Structural Conservation measures–2350 Ha Loose boulder check dams Forest Nurseries –3432 nos – 7 nos
Agriculture Activities
Private Waste land - 1264.47 Ha Medicinal Plant - 6.3 Ha Agriculture Nursery Vermi compost Unit Organic farming –9 nos - 2 nos - 4.5 Ha – 2 sites
I.G. Activities.
Fencing Unit Teak Stump Nursery Thuvara Processing Unit Versatile Dal Mill - 1no - 1no - 2 nos -1 no
Water resources/ Civil
Lift Irrigation - 12 nos Gravity Irrigation - 8 nos Spring protection and development- 5nos Aquifer Recharging structures Rainwater harvesting structures UA Office building 10 in progress - 4nos - 2nos - 5 nos Access path to hamlet & roads - 13 km
Soil and water conservation
Retaining wall Contour bunds Bench terracing Check dams Water harvesting pits Earthen dams Staggered trenches - 10377 m -32520m - 581m - 899 nos - 1064441 nos - 6 M3 - 127801 Nos 17
Social benefits
Corruption free development administration facilitated. Dignified work environment Confidence and capacity building at grass-root level Improved health and labour efficiency Exposure to new skills Promotion of saving habit Change of attitude favoring quality livelihood Wiped out starvation death
Yet these benefits did not reach the tribal communities
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LAND-BASED PROGRAMS DID NOT BENEFIT ST PEOPLE ADEQUATELY.
OORUVIKASANA SAMITHIS WERE FORMED TO FILL THIS LACUNA .
SPECIAL PROGRAMS WERE IMPLEMENTED THROUGH THEM SPECIFICALLY AND EXCLUSIVELY FOR ST, WITH THE HAMLET AS THE BASE .
TOTAL HAMLET DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM NEED-BASED (PER CAPITA) HOUSING DESIGN Note: “Need based housing”: instead of type designs, houses were designed for each family on the basis of the developmental needs of the members of the household.
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T H D P
Need based Housing
Drinking Water & Sanitation
Land & Water Development
Income Generation
Need based education for excellence
Health care traditional & modern
Other Infrastructure facilities
All leading to sustainable livelihood
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Ooru Vikasana Samithi (OVS) (Hamlet Development Committee)
Purpose:
To ensure the sustainable development of Tribes.
Coverage:
Constituted to cover each of 188 tribal hamlets
160 OVS has been constituted.
The Executive Committee including Ooru Moopan
Hamlet Development Program would be implemented through OVS.
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT
ENSURED ADEQUATE WOMEN IN ALL FORA REPRESENTATION FOR
WOMEN SPONTANEOUSLY FORM GROUPS (TAI KULASANGHAM) TO FIGHT AGAINST ILLICIT LIQUOR AND GANJA ADDICTION
CHUNDAPATTY DECLARATION – THE PRESIDENT RAISED IT TO ‘ATTAPPADY DECLARATION’.
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CHILDREN ARE OUR GREATEST ASSETS
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WE SHALL TREAT THE MALE AND THE FEMALE CHILDREN EQUALLY FOR THEIR PROPER GROWTH
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WE SHALL LEAD A HARMONIOUS LIFE, FOR GETTING OVER DIFFERENCES AND AVOIDING QUARRELS FOR THE BETTER LIVING AND PROPER DEVELOPMENT OF OUR CHILDREN
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LIQUOR AND OTHER ADDICTIONS ARE NOT GOOD EITHER FOR US OR FOR OUR CHILDREN – HENCE WE SHALL JOIN TOGETHER AND STRUGGLE TO ERADICATE THEM.
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WE SHOULD COME TOGETHER AND DEDICATE ALL OUR EFFORTS TO PRESERVE THE SOIL, TREES AND OUR ENVIRONMENT FOR THE GOOD OF OUR FUTURE GENERATIONS.
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ALL EFFORTS SHALL BE MADE TO PROVIDE GOOD EDUCATION TO OUR CHILDREN AND TO HELP THEM REALISE THE IMPORTANCE OF HARD WORK AND EDUCATION.
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1. Abject poverty removed
(Impact of 23,53,663 man days of work)
2. Better Food intake, more visits to doctors, almost full enrolment in School etc.
3. Tribal Women Empowered; Illicit Arrack Partly Controlled 4. THDP Making Changes in Confidence and Quality of Life 5. Initial Development of Land Helps Richer, but 6. Poor Gets Regular Employment 7. Clean and Transparent Development Administration 8. Also Dissonances
Sources : 1. National Review Seminar Report, 16 – 18 th December, 2003, (Sh. S.R. Sankaran, Chairman) 2. Institute of Rural Management,Anand May, 2003 to May, 2004 3. Socio Economist’s Report, August – Septermber, 2004 (Dr. Hans A Van Zendlitz)
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(See Chapter VI)
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(See Chapter VII)
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Project Extended for th
ree yea
rs.
Further extension for two years on satisfactory implementation.
What after five years?
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High Power Committee
Numbers in parentheses ( ) refer to notes below CHIEF MINISTER CHAIRMAN REGN. HEADS DEPART MENTS (1) FEDERA TION REPS.
(2) SECY. TW DISTRICT COLLECTOR (CONVENOR) FINANCE SECY.
MP & MLA PRI REPS.
(3) P.O. ITDP SUPPORT OFFICE (4) (1) Officer.
All heads of Dept., at Regional level. Where there is no officer other than the District Officer at this level, then the District (2) women.
The Federation will elect five of its members to this level. At least two must be members of ST, and at least two must be Federation will also nominate not more than six experts: [Agriculture, Animal Husbandry], [Forestry], [Small Scale Industries], [Social Welfare, Tribal matters], [Engineering] & [Medicine] (3) President District Panchayat. He may, if he so decides, nominate the member representing Atta- ppady in the District Panchayat in his place.
(4) PD ITDP will be a member, and will look after the minutes, etc.
“ secretarial ’ fun- ctions, viz., issue of notices, pre-paration of agenda,
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Confederation of People’s Organisations at Attappady CONFEDERATION 3 G + 2 ST Fed - UAs Gov. Body 11 members 4 ST 2 G + 3 ST 3 ST Fed.- OVS Gov. Body 11 members FEDERATION - JFMCS Gov. Body 11 members Fed - TKS Gov. Body 11 members 3 G + 2 ST Fed.- IGA Gov. Body 11 members 1 G / ST C P R M Gen. Body 186 members Gen. Body 320 members Gen. Body 58 members UAs elect 2 members to General body OVSs elect 2 members to General body JFMCs elect 2 members to General body Gen. Body 324 members Gen. Body 240 members TKSs elect 2 members to General body IGAGs elect 2 members to General body UAs, LagS 93 nos.
OVs 160 nos.
JFMCs 29 Nos.
TKS 164 nos.
IGA 120 nos.
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Project Funds
a) Land & Water, Infrastructure, Hamlet, Human Resource, Health care etc. and monitoring and awareness creations.
b) c) Survey, Planning, Design Institutional Strengthening.
International Consultancy.
and Non-Project Funds d) Taxes and Duties, Administrative Charges and Indirect Expenditure.
% 71.44
6.02
4.60
17.94
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COMPONENTS OF CATAGORY - a
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Water and land conservation work in Pvt. Land Water and land conservation in degraded state forests Infrastructure Hamlet based development Hamlet and Ooru Bhumi development Water resource development Human resource development Improving health care facilities 9.
Monitoring and Evaluation 10.
Income generation activities TOTAL 34.70
32.19
31.48
11.16
4.61
2.29
0.57
0.35
0.25
0.08
100.00
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Organisational
Environmental
Technological
Livelihood
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“An organisation is sustainable if it continues to be active, and functions effectively, even after the external agencies, under whose aegis it was set up, demit the scene”
Structuring for specific competence
Comparative autonomy
Independent and transparent accounting procedures
Freedom from procedures that institutionalise corrupt practices
Flexibility and heuristic programme capability
Answerability to the people
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3 2 Sl. No.
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Prerequisites for Sustainability
Work Component Water and land conservation work on private land Water and land conservation work on forest land Direct Stake Holder UA/OVS members JFMC Members Required conditions
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Internationalisation/ownership of the work by stakeholders
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Profitability of the agro-forestry developed
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Establishment of marketing network.
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Empowerment of the UA/OVS
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Capacity development of beneficiaries
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Registration of JFMCs
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Establishment of benefit sharing
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Commitment of KFD to JFMCs Water resources development UA/OVS members
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Development of O&M
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Enhancement of ownership
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“Livelihood comprises all means and methods humans adopt to ensure”
Survival Mental and bodily health Development of faculties to full potential Upbringing of progeny “AHADS staff should reiterate painstaking communication with the local people for awareness building on the project, consensus building on participation in the project, active planning in plan formulation, active participation in the implementation of the plan, developing sense of ownership, etc. In this process, the important thing that AHADS would NOT do is to force them to follow. The third important thing is capacity development of the local people so that can take action at appropriate time in an appropriate manner.” –Seiji Koyanagi 38
CONCEPT OF DESIGN OF HOUSES
* Each house has been designed separately, taking into consideration specific requirements of each family member and the norms laid down by AHADS.
* For each house, the design has been got approved by the head of the family, before taking up the construction.
* From aesthetic considerations, the houses can be considered as simple, without any ornamentation.
* Houses have been constructed using locally available materials, adopting cost-effective construction technologies.
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INTER LOCKING BRICK
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DETAILS OF FILLER SLAB
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ACCEPTABILITY & ADOPTABILITY OF TECHNOLOGIES *It was found that the technologies used are acceptable to the householders.
*However, technical skills to adopt the technologies on their own.
they have not acquired sufficient *With in future.
the help of skilled craftsmen and supervisors, they are ready to adopt these techniques in any constructions, to be carried out
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RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM (RHS)
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POSITIVE EXPERIENCE
Economical & effective, compared to conventional system of water supply
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The extra initial cost of construction of RHS can be recouped in 3 years and 8 months time.
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RHS has no running expenses and saves the energy needed for pumping water.
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Once the RHS is maintained properly, the quality of water is best available, unlike the stream water, which is often polluted and needs treatment to avoid water borne diseases.
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Adoption of RHS will have a very positive impact on the health of the beneficiaries.
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RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
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• For economical and corruption-free execution of the works, the works are being done directly by OVS, without the involment of contractors.
• However, as OVSs are lacking in technical and managerial skills needed to plan and carry out the construction, reputed multidisciplinary NGOs and Govt. undertakings, having experience in planning & executing such works, have been appointed to act as facilitators to OVSs in implementation of the project.
• 23 facilitators were selected for implementing the development works in 64 hamlets.
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CONTRACTOR-FREE SYSTEM OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
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POSITIVE EXPERIENCE
• Superior to contractual system Corruption free Saving in cost Alterations in design & specifications feasible, even during execution • Free of disputes & arbitration 51