Transcript General Review on This is English 3

General Review on
This is English 3
By Liuyongquan
Grammar（1）时态
在开放英语3中，我们学过的时态共有8
种，它们分别是
1 一般现在时
2 一般过去时
3 现在进行时
4 过去进行时
5 现在完成时
6 过去完成时
7 现在完成进行时
8 将来完成时
1 一般现在时
1.经常性或习惯性的动作
I often ride bike to work.
2.客观事实
He comes from London.
3.第三人称单数---s
He works in a factory. 他在一家工厂工作。
（表示经常性的动作）
2 一般过去时
一般过去时表示的是过去经常性习惯性的动作
或过去某一特定时间发生的动作。而过去进行
时则表示的是过去某一时刻或某一段时间所发
生的动作。例如：
When he worked in China, he often came to
my house. We often had a talk about the
language teaching. 当他在中国工作的时侯，
经常来我家。我们经常一起谈论有关语言教学
的问题。
3现在进行时
1. 用法。 现在进行时在两种情况下使用：眼
下正在进行的动作；近一段时间进行的动作。
例如：
I am listening to the music now. 我现在在听
音乐。
He is writing a letter. 他正在写信。
They are studying Chinese at Beijing
University this month. 本月他们在北京大学学
习中文。
2. 结构。现在进行时是由be + v-ing构成。
这里的be是助动词，要随人称变化。例
如：
I am writing.
He/She is singing.
We are running.
You are listening.
They are working.
3. 否定。进行时的否定是在助动词be 后
加否定词not 。例如：
I am not writing.
He/She is not (isn’t) listening.
We are not (aren’t) working.
在现在进行时里常用一些时间副词，比
如： now 现在，at the moment 此时此
刻，
at present 目前， right now 就在此刻，
currently 目前
动词一般现在时与现在进行时
英语的动词就其词汇的意义来讲，可分为静
态和动态两类。静态动词用来表示状态；这类
动词一般不用来构成进行时。比如：be, like,
love, see, hear, believe, know, remember,
mind, want, wish, have, hate, think,等。英语
的动词多数都是动态动词；动态动词才可够成
进行时。
一般现在时和现在进行时的区别在于：
一般现在时表示的动作是经常的，每天
的，总在发生的；而进行时所表示的动
作是一段时间，一个阶段的动作。例如：
一般现在时
现在进行时
I get up early every day. She is cooking breakfast in the kitchen
我每天早起。
她正在厨房里做早饭。
She often comes to visit me.
She is now visiting her mother.
她经常来看望我。
她现正在看望她的妈妈。
现在进行时表示将来
现在进行时的结构除了表示现在进行而
外还可以表示将来。例如：
They are coming back on Friday
afternoon. 他们将在星期五下午返回。
Are you going anywhere tomorrow? 你
明天要做什么？
I am seeing the doctor tomorrow. 我明天
要去看医生。
She is leaving for Shanghai next week.
她下周要离开这儿去上海。
进行时表示将来主要表示在最近按计划
或安排要进行的动作；经常有一个表示
未来时间的状语。也不是所有的动词都
可以构成这样的结构。只有少数动词可
以。常用的动词除提到的而外还有：
go, start, arrive, return, work, sleep,
stay, play, have, wear, 等。
4 过去进行时
4.1过去进行时的用法。
过去进行时表示过去某时刻正在进行的动作
和过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。其结构为:
were / was + 现在分词。例如：
I was watching TV when you called me last
night. 昨晚你打电话时我在看电视。
What were you doing at nine last night? 昨
晚九点你在干什么？
From March to May, he was studying
Chinese at Beijing Normal University. 从
三月到五月，他在北师大学中文。
In those days they were having a hard
time. 在那些岁月他们处境很困难。
4.2在一个句子里常有过去进行时与过去
时连用，表示在发生某动作的过程中有
发生了另一动作。比如上边第一句。又
如：
While he was waiting for the bus, he
saw a man lying on the ground. 正当他
在等公共汽车时，他看见一个人躺在地
上。
4.2．过去进行时与一般过去时的区别。
过去进行时表示的是过去某一时刻或某一段时
间正在进行的动作，强调的是进行；而过去时
则表示已做完了的动作。比如问：你昨天干什
么？What did you do yesterday? 用一般过去
时。如果问：昨天我给你打电话那个时侯你在
干什么？What were you doing when I phoned
you yesterday? 这里强调的是“我打电话那个
时刻正发生的动作” 又比如： I were
watching TV from seven to ten last night. 强调
昨晚从七点到十点发生的动作。
5 现在完成时
5.1在完成时的构成。先看例句：
He has lost his car. 他的汽车丢了。
She has lived in London. 她在伦敦住过。
I have studied English for two years. 我
学英语两年了。
其构成是:“ have /has + 过去分词”。
Has 用于第三人称单数。过去分词的的
构成，规则动词的构成同过去式（加 –
ed）.
5.2 现在完成时的用法。
1）过去某一时间发生的动作，其结果对
现在产生影响。
I’ve lost my key. 我的钥匙丢了。（过去
某时丢的，现在开不了门）
He has gone to town. 他进城了。（现在
不在这儿）
2）过去发生的动作，给现在的主语留下
的经历，例如：
He has lived in Shanghai. 他在上海住过。
（多年前住的，现在有在上海住过的经
历。）
I have seen the film. 我看过这部电影。
（几年前看的，现在有这个经历。）
3）动作或状态发生在过去，这动作或状态一
直延续到现在。需用延续性动词或状态动词。
例如：
I have worked here for five years. 我在这儿作
五年了。（五年前开始，到现在五年了。）
They have loved each other these years. 这些
年他们一直相爱。（相爱的状态这些年一直存
在）
5.3 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别。
1）现在完成时的动作都是过去发生的；
但是，现在完成时都是着眼于现在，所
用的时间副词都是与现在有关。这些时
间 副 词 有 ： this week. these days,
since…, for two years, today, yet, just,
never, this month, already, once,
before…,
2）一般过去时的动作发生在过去，讲话
人的着眼点也在过去。因此所有的时间
状语都是过去，与现在无关。这些时间
副 词 有 ： ago, last night, jut now,
yesterday, last week / month /year…,
表示一段时间的介词 for, since 的用法
这两个介词常用来表示一段时间，常
在完成时的句子。For 表示某一动作持续
进行的一段时间或某一状态存在的一段
是间。 Since 表示从过去某一时间为起
点持续到过去某时或现在为止的时间。
例如：
He has lived here for ten years. 他在这儿生活
了10年了。
She will be away on holiday for two weeks.
她将去度假两周。
He has been at her bedside since she
became ill. 自从她生病以来他一直在她床边陪
伴着。
She has never called on me since she
moved to Xisanqi. 自从她搬到了西三旗就未来
看过我。
6 过去完成时
1.过去完成时常用来描述在过去某一时
间以前完成的动作或事件,多用于状语从
句.
2.通常可以使用连after,before,because
来表示其所连接的两个句子中动作发生
的先后关系。
Before she left on the trip, she had
trained hard.
After she had trained hard, she left on
the trip.
She did a lot of training because she
had never sailed before.
7 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时在强调动作从过去某个
时间一直持续到现在，而且还要继续下
去。
Have/ has been +ving
He has been ringing me up all morning.
He has been staying at this hotel for the
last three weeks.
Who has been working for ?
He hasn’t been working here for very
long.
It hasn’t rained for six weeks.
It has been raining hard since yesterday
and it is still raining.
He has rung me up five time since 12
o’clock.
He has been ringing me up all morning.
I have read O’liver Twist five times.
I have been reading all afternoon.
8 将来完成时
Will + have + been
By the end of July the building
committee will have
approved the plans.
Ted and Amy have been married for
24 years.
Next year they will have been
married for 25 years .
When their first child was born, they
had been married for three years.
Grammar（2）Mood
Subjunctive Mood（虚拟语气）
虚拟语气（非真实条件句）表示与事实相反的
愿望、假想等。句子结构为：
If +从句主语+动词过去式，主句主语
+would(‘d)+动词原形
If I had the time, I’d make something better.
If I didn’t drink so much, I’d be a lot thinner,
Be动词用were
If my grandmother were alive, I’d ask her.
If I were a man, I’d have to do military service.
虚拟语气的否定和疑问形式
If you didn’t go so fast, you wouldn’t get dizzy.
What would you do if you felt sick?
Grammar(3)语态
英语中有两大语态主动语态和被动语
态。1 主动语态
2 被动语态
主动语态就是：主语是谓语动词动作的
发出者；宾语是谓语动作的承受者。
被动语态是：主语是谓语动词动作的承
受者。例如：
Professor Zhang wrote this book. 张教
授写的这本书。
This book was written by Professor
Zhang. 这本书由张教授写的。
Workers produce computers. 工人生
产计算机。
Computers are produced by workers.
计算机是由工人生产的。
Passive Voice(被动语态)
 一般过去被动语态
 现在进行时被动语态
 过去进行时被动语态
 现在完成时被动语态
1．被动语态的结构。
被动语态的结构是：“be + 过去分词”， be
在这里是助动词，它要随人称和时态的变化。
例如
Such games are usually played by children.
这类游戏通常是孩子们玩的。（一般现在时）
The book was written by a worker. 这本书是
一个工人写的。（一般过去时）
The building is being built. 这幢楼正在建。
（现在进行时）
The library will be built next years. 图书
馆将在明年建。（一般将来时）
The car has been repaired already. 这
辆车已经修好了。（现在完成时）
一般过去被动语态
He was arrested yesterday.
The Olympic torch relay was not introduced
until 1932.
Were the Olympic Games founded in Olympia?
When were they founded?
By 引出施动者 with引出方式和手段
The modern games were founded in 1896 by
the Baron de Cubertin..
The man was attacked with a knife.
现在(过去)进行时被动语态
形式：
主语+be (am,is,are)+being +动词过去分词
主语+be (was,were)+being +动词过去分词
The beds are being changed in Ward2 at the
moment.
His luggage was being carried by porter.(变否
定及一般疑问句)
What is the high rate of infection being
blamed on?
Where were 20 people being treated?
现在完成时被动语态
形式：主语+have/has+been+过去分词
All kinds of vehicle are held up in city
streets.
About 700,000 new cars were sold in
China last year.
About 700,000 new cars have been sold
in China in the last twelve
months.(haven’t, have?)
Which tree has been chopped down?
注意与现在完成进行时的区别：
The company directors have been
driven to the airport.
They have been driving for hours.
Grammar（4）句子
1 定语从句
1.1 限定性定语从句
1.2 非限定性定语从句
2 条件句
2.1 If 引导的真实条件句
2.2 if引导的非真实条件句
2.3 When引导时间状语从句
3. 祈使句
4.反意疑问句
定语从句
定语从句就是在句子中用来修饰名词或
代词的句子。定语从句的置，一般是放
在被修饰的名词或代词之后。用一个关
系代词或关系副词与主句连在一起。
This is Teacher Wang. 这位是王老师。
Teacher Wang will give us a lecture
tomorrow. 王老师明天要给我们作个讲座。
这是两个句子，如用一个关系代词就将这两
个句子连接成一个带有定语从句的复合句：
This is Teacher Wang who will give us a
lecture tomorrow. 这位是明天要给我们作讲座
的王老师。
从上面句子可以看出，定语从句是跟在
被修饰的词后，翻译成中文时要把从句
翻到所修饰的词前。定语从句一般必须
有关系代词；关系代词还必须在从句里
充当一个成份。
定语从句又分成两种：限定性定语从句
和非限定性定语从句。上面几个句子都
是限定性定语从句；从句与主句之间关
系密切，不能分开，必须紧跟在被修饰
的词后；是主句中不可缺少的部分。相
反，非限定性定语从句与主句的关系不
紧密，只是对主句的一个补充，因此经
常用逗号与主句隔开，在翻译时，一般
也单独译成一句。
限定性定语从句
1．限定性定语从句。引导定语从句的关系代
词和关系副词有：who, whom, whose, which,
that; when, where, why 。
1）who 在从句中代替人，作主语。例如：
The little boy who fell on the ground was
crying. 摔倒在地上的小男孩在哭。
2) whom 在从句中代替人，作宾语。 例如：
That is the girl whom you lent your bike to.
那就是你把自行车借给的那位姑娘。
3) whose 在从句中代替人，作定语。
This is the boy whose father is a
scientist. 这就是他的父亲是科学家的那
个男孩。
That is the woman whose son has
gone to the USA. 那是她的儿子去了美
国的那位妇女。
4)which 在从句中代替物，作主语或宾语。
例如：
The river which runs through the city
is very wide. 流经本市那条河很宽。
The computer which we bought
yesterday is very good . 我们昨天买的计
算机很好。
5) that 在从句中既代替人又代替物，作
主语或宾语。例如：。
Who is the man that talked with you
just now? 刚才与你交谈的那人是谁？
This is the letter that I got this morning.
这是我早上收到的那封信。
2. 关系代词的省略。
1）关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省
略。例如：
This is the man (whom) I met
yesterday. 这是我昨天遇见的那个人。
This is the letter (that / which) I got
this morning. 这是我早上收到的那封信。
2) 关系代词作介词宾语，而这个介词又
在句末时，可以省。如果在句中则不能
省。例如：
This is the man (whom) you are
waiting for. 这就是你正在等的那个人。
This is the man for whom you are
waiting. （同上）
非限定性定语从句
3．非限定性定语从句。前面已讨论过非
限定和限定性定语从句的区别。非限定
性定语从句所用的关系代词和关系副词
与限定性定语从句也都一样，只是that
不用于非限定性定语从句。
1）修饰先行词的非限定性定语从句。非限定
性定语从句在许多情况下也是修饰前面的名词
或代词。例如：
She has a son, who is a doctor. 她们有个
儿子，这个儿子在当医生。
Mr. Black, who taught me English at
university, has now retired. 布莱克先生已经退
休了，在大学时他教我英语。
2) 有时定语从句修饰的是前面整个句子，
对前面句子作一个补充说明。例如：
Tom passed all his exams, which
pleased his parents. 汤姆所有考试都过
了，这使他的父母很高兴。
She refused to speak to me, which
made me very angry. 她拒绝跟我讲话，
这是我很生气。
有时一个句子是限定性定语从句，翻译
出来的意思与非限定性定语是不同的。
比如上第一句，如果以限定性定语来处
理时意思就不同。She has a son who is
a doctor. 是说“她有一个当医生的儿
子”。她可能还有当兵的儿子或当…...。
而上面一句则说明他就一个儿子，这个
儿子是医生。
有时在关系代词前有介词，这个介词是动词所
要求的。一是该有的不能少，二是不能用错。
例如：
That is a big shop from which we can often
buy something. 那是一个我们经常买东西的大
商店。(to buy something from the shop)
This is a large room in which you may have
your party. 这一个你们可以举行晚会的大房间。
(to have party in the room)
真实条件句
真实条件句
用 if 引出来一个条件句，表示这种条件将要
出现某种结果。这种条件句中一般不表示将来；
如果后面表示结果的主句表示的是将来的形式，
条件句也用一般现在时。例如：
这种句子还可以把条件句放在后面，这时省去
逗号。例如：
If you don’t mind, I shall open the
window. 如果你不介意的话，我把窗户
打开。
If I have enough money next year, I
will go to England. 如果明年我有足够的
钱，我打算去英国。
I shall go to see you tomorrow if you are
at home. 如果你明天在家，我去看你。
What shall we do if it rains tomorrow?
如果明天下雨，我们怎么办？
When引导时间状语从句
When意为“当….时候”,它引导的从句
称为时间状语从句,表示肯定会发生的事
情或存在的情况,在when引导的从句中通
常用动词的一般现在时表示将来时间.
When I finish work, I’ll go to the gym.
3.祈使句
祈使句用来表示命令、请求、号召等的
句子。因为是当面说话，省去了主语
you.。谓语动词采用原形，有时也可把
动词省去。一般有下列形式：
一般式
1．Do 型： Open the door, please. 请
把门打开。
Come to the blackboard, please.
请到黑板跟前来。
2. Be型： Be quiet, please! 请静一静！
Be modest! 谦虚点！
Let 型： Let’s go now. 咱们走吧。
Let her speak at the meeting. 让她
在会上发言。
4.
名词型： Silence! 肃静！
Attention! 立正！
5.
副词型： Away with you! 走开！
Out with it! 说出来呀
3.
否定式：
1．以don’t开头：Don’t stay too long. 不要呆得态久。
Don’t be so careless. 不要这么粗心大意的。
2. 以never开头：Never say that. 千万别怎么说。
Never waste money 千万别浪费金钱。
3. 以no 开头： No smoking. 禁止吸烟。
No spitting. 禁止吐痰。
其他
Take care not to catch fire. 当心别着火。
Let’s not wait here. 我们别在这儿等
了。
带反意疑问式：
Let me show you how to do it, shall I?
我来告诉你怎么做好不好？
Be so kind as to give her some help, will
you? 请您给她们一些帮助好吗？
Let’s go and see her, shall we? 咱们去
看她，行吗？
4.反意疑问句
Something’s gone wrong,________?
Nobody liked her, ____________?
Somebody asked her, __________?
Nobody’s waiting,____________?
Let’s go to the cinema, ____________?
I’m the next, ___________?
Grammar（5）非谓语动词
1 动名词的用法
2 不定式的用法
Grammar（6）直接引语与
间接引语
1.陈述句的间接引语
2 情态动词的变化
3 疑问句的间接引语
4 祈使句的间接引语
引语就是引用别人的话。在引用时可引
用原话，用引号、一字不变，包括时态，
语 态 都 不 变 。 这 叫 直 接 引 语 （ Direct
Speech）。如果不直接引用，而是把别
人的话变成自己的话转述出来，这叫间
接 引 语 (Indirect Speech 或 Reported
Speech)。 例如：
陈述句的间接引语
Xiao Liu said, “ I’ll never go there.” 小刘
说，“我决不去那儿” 这引号里的主语
是“我”，时态是一般将来时。变成下
面的间接引语是：
Xiao Liu said (that) she would never
go there. 小刘说她决不去那儿。 这句中
的“我”变成了“她”；说话那个时候
的将来已成为了过去将来。
Xiao Liu said, “I went to see my mother
yesterday.” 小刘说，“我昨天去看望我的妈
妈，” 这句如果变成间接引语时，应是：
Xiao Liu told me (that) she had gone to see
her mother the day before (yesterday). 小刘告
诉我是在过去，她去看望她的妈妈是在告诉我
之前，所以这里用的是过去完成时。这里的
“昨天”实际上是她说话那个时候的“昨天”；
转述出来是在她说话那天前一天。
因此直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意：人称、
时态、有关的时间副词都应起相应的变化。有
时有的动词，比如 go 变成come。例如：
Xiao Liu invited us, she said, “ All of you
come to my house to have a dinner party.” 转
述出来是：Xiao Liu said (that) all of us went
to her house to have a dinner party.
情态动词的变化
Will—would; must—had to; may—
might ;
But should and would there is no
change
“The children may have problems at
first,” he replied.
He replied that the children might have
problems at first.
“You should go to evening classes,” his
brother said.
His brother that he should go to evening
class.
“He must wait for the immigration
officer,” the doctor said.
The doctor said that he had to wait for
the immigration officer.
“I’ll help I will help the children with their
work,” Susan said.
Susan said that she would help the
children with their work.
特殊疑问句间接引语
如果把特殊疑问句变成间接引语时，除了以上
的变化外，还要把疑问句变成陈述句，例如：
Xiao Liu asked me, “What are you doing
here?” 转述出来是：
Xiao Liu asked me what I was doing there.
Xiao Liu asked him, “When will you come to
my house?” 转述出来是：
Xiao Liu asked him when he would go to her
house.
一般疑问句的间接引语
如果直接引语是一般疑问句， 就要在
ask 后加上 if 或whether 然后再把疑问句
变成陈述句。其它也起相应的变化。 例
如：
He asked her, “ Can you lend me any
money?” 转述出来是：
He asked her if / whether she could lend
him some money
祈使句的间接引语
“Don’t stay in central London hotels
because they are very expensive”.
She told him not to stay in central
London hotels because they were very
expensive
“Say what you think in business
meetings”
She told him to say what he thought in
business meetings.
“Can you take a present to my sister?”
She asked him to take a present to her
sister.
Grammar（7）情态动词
本书中出现的情态动词有: can(could),
must, have to, may(might), ought to,
will(would),need.用来表示能力,允许,可
能,必须,劝告,意愿等的概念或态度.
1) must
A) must表示说话人认为“必须”;否定回
答时用“ needn’t”不必
You must be here at nine o’clock.
---Must you go so soon?
---No, I needn’t go yet.
B) mustn’t表示“不许”,“一定不要”
You mustn’t turn on the TV till you have
done your homework.
2)have to
A) 表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”
I have to be back at school by eight. I
have a lot of work to do tonight.(必须)
We don’t have to wear uniforms in
school. (不一定要)
B)have to 除有现在时外,还有以下不同时
态形式.
C)口语中常用have got to 表示“必须”
词汇辨析
Used to do sth& be used to doing sth
Need doing sth & need to do sth
To spend time doing sth& take time to
do sth
Here/there/one
Travel/journey/trip/voyage
Still/ already/yet
在英语中表示某件事自己做不了，要别人帮助
做的句型：get / have sth. done.这种句型可以
有各种时态。例如：
Go and have /get your hair cut. 去把你的头发
理啦。
I’ll have / get my computer repaired. 我要去
修理电脑。
She can’t have the car started. 她发不动车了。
Let’s have our picture taken. 咱们去照个相。
She is going to have / get her hair done.
她准备去做头。
You must have your chest X-rayed. 你
必须去作个胸透。
Writing
How to describe a person?
Who is the person ?(relationship)
His appearance
His personality
Take your text as your reference (Unit 2)