Transcript Module 7

MODULE 7
Environment technologies
MODULE 7
ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGIES
AIRES
(Spain)
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MODULE 7
Environment technologies
This project has been funded with support from the European
Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the
author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any
use which may be made of the information contained therein.
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INTRODUCTION
Environment technologies
CONTENTS
Introduction
1. Waste Management
2. Air Pollution Control
3. Wastewater Control
4. Soil Pollution Control
5. Noise Control
6. Monitoring Technologies
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INTRODUCTION
Environment technologies
INTRODUCTION
 Technology development is key to ensure environmental
efficiency and legal compliance when applying EMAS:
 Links between EMAS and environmental technologies
can be summarized in the following aspects:
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Environmental policy might include the will to use cleaner technologies or
Best Available Technology’s
Skills and competences of the labour force have to be sufficiently updated
and balanced with technology used.
Objectives and targets have to be designed taking into account
environmental performance (planned and actual) and technology changes.
Operational control and non-compliance management require a periodic
assessment and review of the technological means.
Auditing process and team shall correspond to the technology development
of the organization.
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INTRODUCTION
Environment technologies
INTRODUCTION
 Several environmental technologies are presented, covering
the following issues:
-
Waste
Air Pollution
Wastewater
Soil
Noise
Monitoring
• Module covers environmental technologies suitable for small
and medium enterprises, public agencies and environmental
organizations, taking into account investment costs and
know-how. Expensive or high-developed technologies might
have not been presented in the module then.
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WASTE MANAGEMENT
Environment technologies
1. WASTE MANAGEMENT
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WASTE MANAGEMENT
Environment technologies
CONTENTS
•
•
•
•
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Background
Identification and Classification
Techniques
Types of waste
Selecting technology
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WASTE MANAGEMENT
Environment technologies
BACKGROUND
• Waste management is one of the most important
environmental problem of the world. Exist different
technologies to apply to manage the waste that
human activities generate.
• Best option to combat the wastes accumulation
problems, is always the reduce of generation
wastes, then the reuse of wastes, and finally the
recycling of wastes. Sometimes is necessary the
treatment and disposal of wastes.
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WASTE MANAGEMENT
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IDENTIFICATION & CLASSIFICATION
• Waste is identified and classified according
Directive 2000/532/CE, related with the source of
waste.
• Organization of the waste list is set by codes, giving
a two-digit code to type of industry or industrial
processes that generate waste.
• A four-digit code is associated to subindustrial
sectors or subprocesses from waste is generated.
• Finally, each type of waste has a six-digit code.
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TECHNIQUES
The techniques used to manage wastes are of three
types:
• Volume Reduction technologies (mechanical,
physical and chemical)
• Treatment and disposal of wastes technologies
(biodegradation, solidification, stabilization,..)
• Ultimate disposal of wastes
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TECHNIQUES
Volume reduction technologies
• Concentrating methods as vacuum
filtration, rotatory drum pre coat-filter,
pressure filtration, centrifuge dewatering
thickeners.
• Size reduction methods, as hammer mills,
shredding machines, crushers, pulverisers
and hoggers.
Treatment and disposal wastes technologies
• Recycling wastes is the most effective
technology to prevent the environmental
problems.
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TECHNIQUES
• Physical methods of waste treatment as
primary treatment, polishing, secondary
treatment, disposal resource recovery and
discharge recycle.
• Chemical treatment as: acid / base
neutralization,chemical precipitation,
electrolysis, hydrolysis, chemical extraction
and leaching, ion exchange
• Photolytic reactions as a technique to
transform hazardous wastes in arid wastes
with free photons of ultraviolet radiation.
• Thermal treatment methods of incineration
systems like rotary-klin incineration, liquid
injection, fixed-hearth incinerators and
fluidized bed incinerators.
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TECHNIQUES
• Biodegradation wastes as the process to convert a by
biological processes an organic wastes in a inorganic
wastes. Processes as biodegradability, aerobic treatment
and anaerobic treatment.
• Land treatment and composting. Land treatment is the
technique to modify the characteristics of soil to treat the
wastes inside this. And composting is the technique to
biodegrade the wastes introducing the wastes inside the
soil, keeping act the natural reactions of the same soil.
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TECHNIQUES
Ultimate disposal of wastes
• Landfilling as the technique that dispose the wastes
in the land,other techniques are: disposal
aboveground, surface impoundment of liquids and
deep-well disposal of liquids
• Incineration as a ultimate disposal of wastes when
the ash of this incineration result arid wastes.
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TYPES OF WASTES
The types of wastes are divided in:
•
•
•
•
Municipal wastes
Medical wastes
Hazardous wastes
Industrial wastes
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TYPES OF WASTES
Municipal wastes
• Determining waste generation. The most commonly
used method is the estimating the waste quantity is
to weight the waste requiring disposal. The second
,method is to determine the volume of waste which
is being generated and use known density factors to
convert this into the associated weight. And the
third method is to determine the population of the
area and then multiply this by typical waste
generation factors.
• Reuse reduce and recycling these three methods
are the most important methods in strategic plans
of waste management for municipalities.
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TYPES OF WASTES
• Combustion is one of the most used technology to
eliminate waste. Can comprise at same time, different
types of incineration systems.
• And finally landfilling is the historical method to treat the
wastes, but many countries have not sufficient land to keep
on involving.
Medical Waste
• Packaging and storage, is an important factor of this kind of
waste, for the condition of infectious waste.
• Treatment and disposal of infectious waste with processes
as thermal, melting, shredding, grinding, tearing or
breaking.
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TYPES OF WASTES
• Incineration, hospital waste incineration involves the
application of combustion processes under controlled
conditions to convert wastes infectious and pathological
material to inert mineral residues and gases. The
incineration systems are the same than other type of
wastes.
• Microwaving, chemical disinfections processes,
irradiation processes and plasma systems are other kind
of techniques to treat the medical wastes.
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TYPES OF WASTES
Hazardous waste treatment
• Physical methods as: separation, filtration, transition,
distillation, evaporation, precipitation, transfer,
extraction, sorption, membrane separations, reverse
osmosis, hyper-and ultra filtration.
• Chemical treatments as chemical precipitation, oxidation
/ reduction Ion exchange, acid / base neutralization and
chemical extraction and leaching reduction.
• Thermal methods as incineration, the same systems than
before.
• And biodegradability as a technique to convert the
hazardous wastes into a nonhazardous wastes.
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TYPES OF WASTES
Industrial wastes
• The methods and techniques to manage the
industrial wastes are the same methods and
techniques that describe the rest of chapters.
• Reduce, reuse and recycling
• Reduction methods
• Treatment methods
• Incineration systems
• Landfilling
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SELECTING TECHNOLOGY
• Options for treatment techniques for the various types
of waste, types treatment equipment, treatment sites and
various waste handling practices all need to be carefully
evaluated.
• The selection of available options at a facility depends
upon a number of factors such as the nature of the
waste, the quantity of waste generated, the availability of
equipment for treatment on site and of site, regulation
constraints, and cost considerations.
• We recommend the opinion of environment engineers
experts to decide which technique apply in any case.
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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
2. AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
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CONTENTS
•
•
•
•
•
Background
Equipment
Techniques
Factors
Selecting technology
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BACKGROUND
• Controlling the emission of pollutants from industrial and
domestic sources is important in protecting the quality of
air. Air pollutants can exist in the form of particulate
matter or as gases.
• Air cleaning devices have been reducing pollutant
emissions from various sources for many years.
• Originally, air cleaning equipment was used only if the
contaminant was highly toxic or had some recovery
value.
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EQUIPMENT
Equipment used to control particulate emissions are:
• Gravity settlers (often referred to as settling
chambers)
• Mechanical collectors (cyclones)
• Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)
• Scrubbers
• Fabric filters
• Hybrid systems
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EQUIPMENT
Gravity settlers (often referred to as settling chambers)
• Gravity settlers, or gravity settling chambers, are used
industrially for the removal of solid and liquid waste
materials from gaseous streams.
• Advantages accounting for their use are simple
construction, low initial cost and maintenance, low
pressure losses, and simple disposal of waste materials.
Mechanical collectors (cyclones)
• Centrifugal separators, commonly referred to as
cyclones, are widely used in industry for the removal of
solid and liquid particles (or particulates) from gas
streams.
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EQUIPMENT
Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)
• They are satisfactory devices for removing small
particles from moving gas streams at high
collection efficiencies. They have been used
almost universally in power plants for removing
fly ash from the gases prior to discharge.
• Two major types of high-voltage ESP
configurations currently used are tubular and
plate. Tubular precipitators consist of cylindrical
collection tubes with discharge electrodes
located on the axis of the cylinder. Vast majority
of ESPs installed are of the plate type.
• Collected particles are usually removed by
rapping.
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EQUIPMENT
Scrubbers (venturi scrubbers)
• Wet scrubbing involves the technique of bringing a
contaminated gas stream into intimate contact with a
liquid.
• Wet scrubbers include all the various types of gas
absorption equipment.
• The term "scrubber" will be restricted to those systems
which utilize a liquid, usually water, to achieve or assist
in the removal of particulate matter from a carrier gas
stream.
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EQUIPMENT
Fabric filters (bag houses)
• Filtration process may be conducted in many
different types of fabric filters.Differences may
be related to:
–
–
–
–
Type of fabric
Cleaning mechanism
Equipment
Mode of operation
• Gases to be cleaned can be either "pushed" or
"pulled" through the bag house.
• In the pressure system (push through) the gases
may enter through the cleanout, hopper in the
bottom or through the top of the bags.
• In the suction type (pull through) the dirty gases
are usually forced through the inside of the bag
and exit through the outside.
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EQUIPMENT
• Hybrid systems are defined as those types of control
devices
that
involve
combinations
of
control
mechanisms-for example, fabric filtration combined with
electrostatic precipitation.
• Four of the major hybrid systems found in practice today
include:
– Wet electrostatic precipitators,
– Ionizing wet scrubbers,
– Dry scrubbers, and
– Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration.
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TECHNIQUES
• Applicability of a given technique depends on the
physical and chemical properties of the pollutant and the
exhaust stream.
• More than one technique may be capable of controlling
emissions from a given source
• Techniques used to control gaseous emissions are:
Absorption
Adsorption
Combustion
Condensation
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TECHNIQUES
Absorption
• Mass transfer operation in which a gas is dissolved in a
liquid.
• A contaminant (pollutant exhaust stream) contacts a liquid,
and the contaminant diffuses from the gas phase into the
liquid phase.
• The liquid most often used for absorption is water.
• Reagents can be added to the absorbing water to increase
the removal efficiency of the system. Gas absorbers or wet
scrubbers are designed to provide good mixing of the gas
and liquid phases.
• The devices used for gas absorption are often the same as
those used in particulate emission scrubbing.
• These include packed towers, plate towers, spray columns,
and venturi scrubbers.
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TECHNIQUES
Adsorption
• Mass transfer process that involves removing a gaseous
contaminant by adhering it to the surface of a solid.
• It can be classified as physical or chemical. In physical
adsorption, a gas molecule adheres to the surface of the
solid due to an imbalance of natural forces (electron
distribution).
• In chemisorption, once the gas molecule adheres to the
surface, it reacts chemically with it.
• The major distinction is that physical adsorption is readily
reversible whereas chemisorption is not.
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TECHNIQUES
Combustion
• Combustion is defined as rapid, high-temperature gas-phase
oxidation.
• Simply, the contaminant (a carbon-hydrogen substance) is
burned with air and converted to carbon dioxide and water
vapor.
• The operation of any combustion source is governed by the
three T's of combustion; temperature, turbulence, and time.
• Combustion devices can be categorized as flares, thermal
incinerators, or catalytic incinerators
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TECHNIQUES
Condensation
• Process in which the volatile gases are removed from the
contaminant stream and changed into a liquid.
• It is usually achieved by reducing the temperature of a
vapor mixture until the partial pressure of the
condensable component equals its vapor pressure.
• Requires low temperatures to liquefy most pure
contaminant vapors.
• It is affected by the composition of the contaminant gas
stream.
• Condensers are normally used in combination with
primary control devices.
• Condensers can be located upstream of (before) an
incinerator, adsorber, or absorber.
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FACTORS
• There are a number of factors to be considered prior
to selecting a particular piece of air pollution control
hardware.
Economic
Environ
mental
Engineering
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FACTORS
Environmental factors
• Equipment location
Environ
• Available space
mental
• Ambient conditions
• Availability of adequate utilities (i.e., power, water, etc.) and
ancillary system facilities (i.e., waste treatment and disposal,
etc.)
• Maximum allowable emissions (air regulations)
• Aesthetic considerations
• Contribution of air pollution control system to wastewater
and solid waste
• Contribution of air pollution control system to plant noise
levels
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FACTORS
Economic
• Capital cost (equipment, installation, engineering, etc.)
• Operating cost (utilities, maintenance, etc.)
• Expected equipment lifetime and salvage value
Economic
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FACTORS
Engineering
• Contaminant characteristics (i.e., physical and chemical
properties, concentration, particulate shape and size)
• Gas stream characteristics (i.e., volume flow rate,
temperature, pressure, humidity, composition, viscosity,
density, reactivity, combustibility, corrosivity, toxicity, etc.)
• Design and performance characteristics of the particular
control system(i.e., size and weight, fractional efficiency
curves, etc)
Engineering
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SELECTING TECHNOLOGY
• Final choice in equipment selection is usually dictated by
that equipment capable of achieving compliance with
regulatory codes at the lowest uniform annual cost
(amortized capital investment plus operation and
maintenance costs).
• In order to compare specific control equipment alternatives,
knowledge of the particular application and site is essentials.
• A preliminary screening, however, may be performed by
reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of each type of
air pollution control equipment.
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WASTEWATER CONTROL
Environment technologies
3. WASTEWATER
CONTROL
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WASTEWATER CONTROL
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CONTENTS
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Background
Wastewater treatment principles
Wastewater treatment plants
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
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BACKGROUND
• Basic objective of the field of water quality engineering
is the determination of the environmental controls that
must be instituted to achieve a specific environmental
quality objective
• Role of the water quality engineer and scientist is to
analyze water quality problems by dividing the problem
into its principal components:
– Inputs - discharge of residue into the environment from man' s
and nature's activities.
– Reactions and physical transport - chemical and biological
transformations and water movement that result in different
levels of water quality at different locations in time in the aquatic
ecosystem.
– Output - the resulting concentration of a substance, at a
particular location in the water body during a particular time of
the year or day
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BACKGROUND
• There are several points at which the water quality in a
system can be controlled.
• The initial concentration at the outfall can be controlled
by:
– Reducing the effluent concentration of the waste input
– Reducing the upstream concentration and effluent volume
– Increasing the upstream flow by low flow augmentation
• The choice of the mix of the above controls involves
issues of:
– The costs of the controls - Iocally, regionally, and
nationally.
– The expected benefits of water quality in water use.
– The technological bounds (e.g., available storage for low
flow augmentation) on the controls.
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRINCIPLES
• If untreated wastewater is allowed to
accumulate, the decomposition of the
organic materials it contains can lead to the
production of offensive odors and gases.
• Untreated wastewater contains numerous
pathogenic microorganisms, released from
the human intestinal system.
• It contains nutrients which can stimulate
the growth of aquatic life, and it may also
contain toxic compounds.
• Immediate removal from its sources,
followed by treatment and disposal are the
priorities when managing wastewater.
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Removal
Treatment
Disposal
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
• Purpose of any ww treatment plant is to convert the
components in raw wastewater, with its inherent
characteristics, into a relatively harmless final effluent
for discharge to a receiving body of water and to safely
dispose of the solids (sludge) produced in the process.
• Wastewater treatment plant must satisfy these
conditions :
–
–
–
–
–
requirements for aesthetics and minimization of obnoxious odors at
treatment and disposal
to prevent contamination of water supplies from physical, chemical, and
biological agents;
to prevent destruction of fish, shellfish, and other aquatic life;
to protect against the spread of disease from crops grown on sewage
irrigation or sludge disposal;
to encourage other beneficial uses of effluent.
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
• Wastewater treatment plants utilize a number of
individual or unit operations and processes to achieve
the desired degree of treatment.
• Collective treatment schematic is called a flow scheme,
a flow diagram, a flow sheet, a process train, or a flow
schematic.
• Unit operations and processes are grouped together to
provide what is known as primary, secondary, and
tertiary (or advanced) treatment.
Primary
(Physical)
Secondary
(Chemical)
Tertiary
(Biological)
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PRIMARY TREATMENT
• Treatment methods in which the application of physical
forces predominate are known as physical unit
operations.
• These were the first methods to be used for wastewater
treatment.
• Screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation,
flotation, and filtration are typical unit operations for
primary treatment processes.
Primary
Treatment
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PRIMARY TREATMENT
Clarification (Sedimentation)
• Process of separating the settleable solids from the liquid
• Some treatment systems employing two or more stages of
treatment and clarification, the terms primary, secondary,
and final clarification are used.
• The actual physical sizing of the clarifier (depth, surface
area, inlet structure, etc.) is highly dependent upon the
quantity and composition of the flow.
• Clarification units can be either circular or rectangular and
are normally designed to operate on a continuous flowthrough basis:
–
–
circular units are generally called clarifiers,
whereas rectangular units are commonly referred to as sedimentation tanks.
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PRIMARY TREATMENT
Flotation
• Separates these particles by their density by the
introduction of air into the system.
• Fine bubbles adhere to, or are absorbed by, the solids,
which are then lifted to the surface.
• Flotation separator tanks can be either rectangular or
circular in shape and constructed of either concrete or
steel
• It is an appropriate technology for treating suspended
solids and oil and grease in industrial waters. Process
will achieve 40-65% suspended solids removal and 60%
of oil and grease removal.
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PRIMARY TREATMENT
Oil-Water separation
• In practically all manufacturing industries, oil and grease can
be found in a plant's wastewater
• The configuration of the separator is that of a flow-through
tank. The basic principle by which oil-water separators work
is the differential between the specific gravities of water and
the oils to be removed.
• Major advantage of oil-water separators is their ability to
treat wastewater which is heavily laden with oil compounds.
• They represent a very simple treatment operation which
minimizes personnel requirements; its operating costs are
minimized.
• It results in a more "pure" oil which can make recycling
much easier.
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SECONDARY TREATMENT
• Treatment methods in which the removal or
conversion of contaminants is brought about by the
addition of chemicals or by other chemical
reactions are known as chemical unit processes.
• Precipitation, gas transfer, adsorption, and
disinfections are the most common examples used
in secondary wastewater treatment.
Secondary
Treatment
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SECONDARY TREATMENT
Coagulation - precipitation
• Involves two discrete steps.
• Rapid mixing is employed to ensure that the
chemicals are thoroughly dispersed
• Next, the wastewater undergoes flocculation which
provides for particle contact, so that the particles
can agglomerate to a size large enough for removal.
• Finally precipitation occurs, that is really the same
as settling.
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SECONDARY TREATMENT
• Coagulation-precipitation is capable of removing from
industrial wastewater pollutants such as BOD, COD, and
TSS. It can remove additional pollutants such as
phosphorus, nitrogen compounds, and metals. This
technology is attractive to industry because a high
degree of classification and toxic pollutants removal can
be combined in one treatment process.
Neutralization
• Involves adding an acid or a base to a wastewater to
offset or neutralize the effects of its counterpart in the
wastewater flow, namely, adding acids to alkaline
wastewaters and bases to acidic wastewaters.
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SECONDARY TREATMENT
• The most important considerations in neutralization
treatment are the wastewater constituents so that the
proper neutralizing chemicals are used, and proper
monitoring to ensure that the required quantities of
these chemicals are used and that the effluent is in fact
neutralized.
• For acid waste streams, lime, soda ash, and caustic
soda are the most common base chemicals used
• In alkaline waste streams, sulfuric, hydrochloric, and
nitric acid are generally used for neutralization
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TERTIARY TREATMENT
Tertiary
Treatment
• Treatment methods in which the removal of
contaminants is brought about by biological activity are
known as biological unit processes.
• Biological treatment is used primarily to remove the
biodegradable organic substances (colloidal or
dissolved) in wastewater.
• Basically these substances are converted into gases
that can escape to the atmosphere or into biological cell
tissue that can be removed by settling.
• Designed to remove those constituents that are not
adequately removed in the secondary treatment plants,
such as N, P, and other soluble organic and inorganic
compounds.
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TERTIARY TREATMENT
• Many of these constituents must be removed to meet
stringent water quality standards and to allow reuse of the
effluent for municipal, industrial, irrigation, recreation, and
other water needs.
• The most commonly used advanced wastewater treatment
processes are among other:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Chemical precipitation of phosphorus,
Nitrification and Denitrification,
Ammonia stripping,
Breakpoint chlorination,
Filtration,
Carbon adsorption,
Ion exchange
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TERTIARY TREATMENT
Aerobic Suspended Growth Processes
(Activated Sludge)
• Process in which the biological growth products
(microorganisms) are kept in suspension in a liquid
medium consisting of entrapped and suspended
colloidal and dissolved organic and inorganic materials.
• It uses metabolic reactions of the microorganisms to
attain an acceptable effluent quality by removing these
substances exerting an oxygen demand.
• In the suspended growth processes, wastewater enters
a reactor basin, concretesteel-earthen tank(s) where
microorganisms are brought into contact with the
organic components of the wastewater by some type of
mixing device.
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TERTIARY TREATMENT
Aerobic Lagoons (Stabilization Ponds)
• Large, shallow earthen basins that are used for
wastewater treatment by utilizing natural processes
involving both algae and bacteria. The objective is
microbial conversion of organic wastes into algae.
Aerobic conditions prevail throughout the process.
• In aerobic photosynthesis, the oxygen produced by the
algae through the process of photosynthesis is used by
the bacteria in the biochemical oxidation and degradation
of organic waste. Carbon dioxide, ammonia, phosphate,
and other nutrients released in the biochemical oxidation
reactions are, in turn, used by the algae, forming a cyclicsymbiotic relationship.
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WASTEWATER CONTROL
Environment technologies
TERTIARY TREATMENT
• Aerobic lagoons are used for treatment of weak
industrial wastewater containing negligible amounts of
toxic and for non-biodegradable substances.
Anaerobic Lagoon
• Earthen ponds built with a small surface area and a deep
liquid depth of 3-7 m. They are anaerobic throughout
their depth, except for an extremely shallow surface
zone.
• Raw wastewater enters near the bottom of the lagoon
(often at the center) and mixes with the active microbial
mass in the sludge blanket.
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WASTEWATER CONTROL
Environment technologies
TERTIARY TREATMENT
• Discharge is located near one of the sides and
submerged below the liquid surface. Excess undigested
grease floats to the top. Excess sludge is washed out
with the effluent.
• Anaerobic lagoons are effective prior to aerobic
treatment of high-strength organic wastewater that also
contains a high concentration of solids. BOD removal
efficiencies of up to 85% are possible.
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
4. SOIL POLLUTION
CONTROL
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
CONTENTS
•
•
•
•
Background
Techniques
Soil Removal
In-situ treatment
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
BACKGROUND
• Contaminated soils is one of the environmental
problems historically ignored by humans. Lately, its
relation with human health’ safety and ecological
impacts was discovered.
• Most widely used techniques applied to polluted
soils are removal and placement in a more secure
landfill environment.
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
BACKGROUND
• Although this simply moves contaminated soil from
one place to another, it can be of significant benefit
due to improvements in landfill design.
• Often early landfills were sited in wetlands or
adjacent to rivers and encouraged contaminant
migration and ultimately exposure to at-risk
populations.
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
BACKGROUND
• Wastes could be stabilised after removal and before or
during placement to further reduce mobility after
placement.
• Stabilisation might include solidification with concrete
or a similar material or direct chemical treatment of
certain contaminants.
• Incineration or thermal treatment of the contaminated
soil could be used to eliminate organic contaminants
susceptible to destruction or removal by these means.
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
BACKGROUND
• A variety of other processes have been employed to
treat contaminated soils once excavated and removed
from a site. Included among these are biological
degradation in dedicated bioreactors and sophisticated
extraction schemes, for example, supercritical
extraction, followed by the application of destruction
processes to the effluent.
•
An alternative to removal options of remediating soil is
the use of in situ means that do not require soil
removal. These are generally the options of choice if
they can be demonstrated effective at reducing the
volume, toxicity, or exposure to the wastes.
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
TECHNIQUES
The principle option to decontaminate soils are:
• Removal options for soil remediation
• In situ soil remediation processes
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
TECHNIQUES
Removal options for soil remediation
• These techniques are techniques that consists in to
take the contaminated soil and apply a method to
decontaminate. This techniques are: Incineration,
landfilling, stabilization and solidification, and ex
situ bioremediation.
• The methods are the same that are defined in the
waste manager chapter.
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
TECHNIQUES
In situ soil remediation processes
• These techniques consist in treat the soil in the same
land or place where is contaminated. The techniques
or methods are: Pump and treat extraction of
contaminated groundwater, enhancement of pump and
treat processes, vacuum extraction in the unsaturated
zone and in situ bioremediation of soils.
• Pump and treat extraction of contaminated
groundwater is the technique that remove the
contaminated groundwater or separate contaminated
phases via withdrawal wells for above-ground
treatment.
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
TECHNIQUES
• Enhancement of pump and treat processes are
methods of remediation of soils. These methods are of
limited usefulness when significant quantities of
NAPLs exist.
• Due to the low solubility of most soil contaminants,
large volumes of water are required to remove
contaminants present in a separate phase even if it
were possible to maintain the water at saturation.
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
TECHNIQUES
• Vacuum extraction in the unsaturated zone is a
process that is similar conceptually to pump and treat
of groundwater is soil vacuum extraction (SVE) in the
water-unsaturated zone.
• A vacuum is applied to the unsaturated zone by placing
a vacuum pump on a well screened in the unsaturated
zone. This pulls vapours through the soil, removing
any volatile components that have volatilised in the
subsurface
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SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Environment technologies
TECHNIQUES
• In situ bioremediation of soils is perhaps the most
desirable of all treatment processes is in situ
biodegradation to render the soil harmless and to
naturally recycle the contaminants.
• There are a number of compounds that undergo
detoxification by microbial processes at rates that are
sufficient to justify natural recovery of contaminated
soils.
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NOISE CONTROL
Environment technologies
5. NOISE CONTROL
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NOISE CONTROL
Environment technologies
CONTENTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Background
Noise control
Guidelines
Control techniques
Results
Noise control for new projects
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NOISE CONTROL
Environment technologies
BACKGROUND
• Noise pollution is traditionally not placed among the top
environmental problems facing the society; however, it
is one of the more frequently encountered sources
• Sources of noise pollution are extremely diverse and are
constantly increasing as more and more noisegenerating products become available to consumers.
• An estimated 6% citizens are exposed to noise that
poses a threat to their hearing.
• In today's mechanized world it is virtually impossible for
an active person to avoid exposure to potentially
harmful sound levels.
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NOISE CONTROL
Environment technologies
NOISE CONTROL
• General control measures include alteration of
machines and equipment to gather up-dated
machinery regarding noise prevention.
• Noise can be tackled through:
Reduction
at source
Change to quieter
methods
Prevention or
reduction of propagation
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NOISE CONTROL
Environment technologies
NOISE CONTROL
Reduction
at source
• It is often possible to reduce noise radiation from
production equipment, material handling, and work in
progress; for example by damping sound radiating
panels, quietening power sources and transmissions,
and reducing noise from compressed air exhausts.
• Sometimes machine alterations or enclosures do not
give sufficiently good results, and if it is the work
process itself which causes intense noise it can be
difficult to predict the results of noise control measures.
• In such cases effort might be better aimed at changing
the working methods and processes themselves.
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NOISE CONTROL
Environment technologies
NOISE CONTROL
Change to quieter
methods
• Changing the method of work is the only way to get to
grips with noise generation; it requires that production
equipment or part of it must be replaced and one must be
aware of the availability of less noisy equipment for both
production and material handling.
• Requires cooperation between the buyer, supplier,
designer, and safety organization.
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NOISE CONTROL
Environment technologies
NOISE CONTROL
Prevention or
reduction of propagation
• Prevent propagation to avoid noise pollution can result
economically more efficient than corrective measures.
• The noise in a workshop is often dominated by a
relatively small number of intense noise sources.Try to
enclose all noise sources points or keep them away from
workers in the same room.
• By setting up sound absorbing ceiling and wall panels,
noise levels within the room far from the noise sources
can be reduced.
• Alteration and replacement of production equipment may
mean that personnel monitoring this machinery do not
need to be in its vicinity if monitoring can be carried out
in a sound insulated control room.
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NOISE CONTROL
Environment technologies
NOISE GUIDELINES
• For all noise control efforts a target noise level must be
set.
Type of room
Highes sound level
• A highest level must
guideline (dB)
Conference room
35
be defined for each
Office
40
place of equipment or room
Guideline noise levels
for specific locations
Workshop office, rest
room
45
Laboratory,
measurement room
50
Canteen
50
Changing room
55
Repair shop
60
Production areas
75
Fan room, compressor
room
90
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NOISE CONTROL
Environment technologies
NOISE CONTROL TIPS
• Machinery have to be adapted to new normative,
relevant materials of the machines are key to ensure
appropriate noise levels.
• Existing equipment must be attenuated without
complicated operations.
• Handling material can be done by consider choosing
conveyor belts and controlling the speed of conveyor
belt transports.
• Enclosure of machines can reduce noise levels at its
source very effectively.
• Attenuation by using absorbent materials is one of the
key techniques to ensure that rooms and workshops do
not communicate noise pollution to each other. To
ensure so, best practices are providing sound isolated
rooms.
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NOISE CONTROL
Environment technologies
RESULTS for NOISE CONTROL
• Mounting an absorbent roof or ceiling in a room will in
general give a noise reduction of between 3 and 5 dB.
Exceptionally, up to 10 dB can be obtained.
• Damping of vibration of small production machines by
applying damping material can give between 3 and 10
dB attenuation.
• Factory-made screens can reduce noise from between 5
and 15 dB.
• Leakage where pipes pass through walls as well as
acoustic leaks between walls, screens or enclosures,
can produce large variations in the attenuation
achieved. It is therefore important to seal air gaps
carefully.
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NOISE CONTROL
Environment technologies
NOISE CONTROL at NEW PROJECTS
• Noise control of new projects can be difficult to manage
and implement, but very cost-effective at the long term.
• Implementing noise reduction measures at rooms,
planning the building and purchase accurate machinery
are necessary steps to execute a program for noise
control.
• Noise abatement measures at the municipality level can
reduce the background noise and establish an adequate
framework to develop a detailed building code regarding
noise reduction
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
6. MONITORING
TECHNOLOGIES
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
CONTENTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Background
Selecting methodology
Water sampling
Groundwater sampling
Soil sampling
Air sampling
Noise sampling
Sampling packment and shipment
Databases and scientific journals
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
BACKGROUND
• In many instances, we are unaware that a problem
exists until harm has been done. Damage may be in the
form of disease to the surrounding population or
destruction of the surrounding ecosystem. Monitoring
problem areas or potential problem areas can help to
limit future damage.
• Before beginning any sampling program, background
research must be conducted to determine:
-
proper equipment for both sampling and personal protection,
proper sampling methodology and analytical methods, and
appropriate health and safety practices to be employed. This is especially
important when handling materials which may be hazardous or radioactive.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
SELECTING METHODOLOGY
Methods used to obtain data regarding contamination of
soil, air, and water , have to take into account the
following factors:
-
The program objective (documenting exposures. determining regulatory
compliance
The type of material to be sampled (soil, vegetation, air, water, sludge, etc.).
The physical and chemical properties of the contaminant.
Other contaminants that affect the results.
Regulatory requirements and safety
Costs
Reliability.
Scale of sample area (small-scale site related to individual persons versus a
large-scale site).
Short- versus long-term sampling requirement
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
SAMPLING
Several factors must be accomplished to carry on an
adequate sampling practice:
 samples must represent the conditions existing at
the point taken.
 samples must be of sufficient volume and must be
taken frequently enough to permit reproducibility of
testing requisite for the desired objective, as
conditioned by the method of analysis to be
employed.
 the samples must be collected, packed, shipped, and
manipulated prior to analysis in a manner that
safeguards against change in the particular
constituents or properties to be examined.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
WATER SAMPLING
• Water sampling methodologies include:
- Grab sample
- Composite sample
- Continuous flowing sample
• Collection of a grab sample of water at a specific
site representing conditions only at the time of
sampling. Applicable to sampling water from
sources such as wells, rivers, streams, lakes and
oceans for chemical, physical, bacteriological, or
radiological analysis
• Collection of a composite sample at a specific site,
portions of which are collected at varied time
intervals. Alternatively, the composite may consist
of portions collected at various sites or may consist
of a combination of both site and time variables.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
WATER SAMPLING
• Continuous flowing sample, from one or more
sampling sites, suitable for on-stream analysers.
Applicable to sampling water from sources such as
wells, rivers, streams, lakes, oceans, and reservoirs
on a continual basis for chemical, physical, or
radiological analyses
• Apparatus used are:
- Delivery valve or pump.
- Piping system.
- Flow regulation system
- Waste disposal system.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
GROUNDWATER MONITORING
• It is developed by delineating contamination plumes,
and establishing the integrity of hazardous material
management facilities.
• Goal in sampling groundwater monitoring wells is to
obtain samples that are truly representative of the
aquifer or groundwater in question.
• Water that stands within a monitoring well for a long
period of time may become unrepresentative of
formation water because chemical or biochemical
change may cause water-quality alterations; and even if
it is unchanged from the time it entered the well, the
stored water may not be representative of formation
water at the time of sampling.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
SOIL SAMPLING
• Two portions of the soil that are important to the
environmental scientist:
- 0-15 cm layer
- Upper meter
• The surface layer (0-15 cm) reflects the deposition
of airborne pollutants, especially those recently
deposited pollutants. Pollutants that have been
deposited by liquid spills or by long-term deposition
of water-soluble materials may be found at depths
ranging up to several meters. Plumes emanating
from hazardous waste dumps or from leaking
storage tanks may be found at considerable depths.
• The methods of sampling each of these are slightly
different, but all make use of one of two basic
techniques.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
SOIL SAMPLING DEVICES
• Samples can be collected with some form of core
sampling or auger device, or they may be collected
by use of excavations or trenches. In the latter case,
the samples are cut from the soil mass with spades
or short punches.
• Techniques that are utilized should be closely
coordinated with the analytical laboratory in order
to meet the specific requirements of the analytical
methods used.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
SURFACE SOIL SAMPLING
• Use of a punch or thin-walled steel tube that is 15-20
cm long to extract short cores from the soil. Tube is
driven into the soil with a wooden mallet; the core
and the robe are extracted; and the soil is pushed
out of the tube into a stainless steel mixing bowl.
• Using a seamless steel ring, approximately 15-30
cm in diameter, the ring is driven into the soil to a
depth of 15-20 cm. The ring is extracted as a soilring unit, and the soil is removed for analysis.
• Perhaps the most undesirable sample collection
device is the shovel or scoop. Often used in
agriculture, but where samples are being taken for
chemical pollutants, the inconsistencies are to be
great.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
SHALLOW SURFACE SAMPLING
• Sampling pollutants that have moved into the lower
soil horizons requires the use of a device that will
extract a longer core than can be obtained with the
short probes or punches.
• Three basic methods are used for sampling these
deeper soils
- Soil probes or soil augers
- Power-driven corers
- Trenching
• Samples should be collected at least every 1.5 m or
in each distinct stratum. Additional samples should
be collected where sand lenses or thin silt and sand
lovers appear in the profile.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
AIR SAMPLING
• Investigations of atmospheric contaminants involve
the study of a heterogeneous mass under
uncontrolled conditions. Interpretation of the data
derived from the air-sampling program must often
be based on the statistical theory of probability.
• Extreme care must be observed to obtain
measurements over a sufficient length of time to
obtain
results
that
may
be
considered
representative.
• Choice of sampling techniques and measurement
methodology, the characteristics of the sites, the
number of sampling stations, and the amount of
data collected all depend on the objectives of the
monitoring program
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
AIR SAMPLING OBJECTIVES
TREND
ANALYSIS
POLLUTION
ABATEMENT
PROGRAMS
ANALYSIS
AIR QUALITY
CRITERIA and
STANDARD
SETTING
AIR SAMPLING
OBJECTIVES
HEALTH and
VEGETATION
EFFECTS STUDIES
BACKGROUND
EVAUATIONS
ACTIVATION of
EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES
CONTROL
REGULATIONS
ENFORCEMENT
DEVELOPMENT of
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
STRATEGIES
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
AIR SAMPLING FACTORS
• The topography, demography, and micrometeorology of
the area, as well as the contaminant measured, must be
considered in determining the number of monitoring
stations required in the area.
• A map of the locations of the sampling stations is
desirable in describing the sampling station.
• Multiple samplers or monitors operating simultaneously
upwind and downwind from the source are often very
valuable and efficient.
• Choice of procedure for the air sampling is dependent
on the contaminant to be measured.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
AIR SAMPLING GUIDELINES
• The height of the inlet to the sampling duct should
normally be from 2.5 to 5 m above ground whenever
possible.
• Height of the inlet above the sampling station structure
or vegetation adjacent to the station should be greater
than 1 m.
• Sampling should preferably be through a vertical inlet
with an inverted cone over the opening.
• For a horizontal inlet, there should be a minimum of 2 m
from the face of the structure.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
AIR SAMPLING GUIDELINES
• For access to representative ambient air in the area
sampled, the elevation angle from the inlet to the top of
nearby buildings should be less than 30°.
• To be representative of the area in which a large
segment of the population is exposed to contaminants
emitted by automobiles, the inlet should be at a distance
greater than 15 m from the nearest high-volume traffic
artery.
• Photochemical oxidants or ozone samplers should be
located at distances greater than 50 m from highvolume-traffic locations.
• Particulate matter samplers should be sited at locations
that are greater than 200 m from unpaved streets or
roads.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
NOISE SAMPLING
• To avoid noise pollution, it is very relevant to have
an appropriate estimation of noise level at the place
of work through modern and accurate techniques
and measuring tools.
• Background noise can be very relevant at factories
located around main highways, close to the
airports.
• Sound-level meter is best used attached to the
person exposed.
• Noise sampling has to take into account internal
and external measures to the workplace
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
SAMPLES PACKMENT and SHIPMENT
• Laboratory for analysing a sample should be consulted
regarding packaging requirements before the initiation
of a sampling program. Samples must be packaged for
shipment in compliance with current legislation and
commercial carrier regulations.
• Traffic reports, dioxin shipment records, packing lists,
chain-of-custody records, and any other
shipping/sample documentation accompanying the
shipment must be enclosed to a waterproof plastic bag
and taped to the underside of the shipping cooler lid.
• Coolers must be sealed with custody seals.
• Shipping coolers must have clearly visible return
address labels on the outside. Inside the cooler, sample
containers must be enclosed in clear plastic bags
through which sample tags and labels are visible.
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
SAMPLES PACKMENT and SHIPMENT
• Samples for organics analysis must be shipped urgently.
• Each sample must be properly documented to ensure
timely, correct, and complete analysis for all parameters
requested, and, most importantly, to support use of
sample data in potential enforcement actions
concerning a site.
• Documentation system provides the means to
individually identify, crack, and monitor each sample
from the point of collection through final data reporting
• To render sample data valid for enforcement uses,
individual samples must be traceable continuously from
the time of collection until the time of introduction as
evidence during litigation. One mechanism utilized is the
use of the "sample tag."
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
SAMPLES PACKMENT and SHIPMENT
Sampling information recorded on an sample tag
includes:
-
Sample number
Station number
Date.
Time
Station location
Samplers
Tag number
Lab sample number
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
Environment technologies
DATABASES and JOURNALS
• Environmental databases and scientific journals shall
complement information provided in this module when
dealing with application of environmental technologies.
• Main European environmental database is linked to
EEA’s website, classified by theme and sector. SERIS
presents national reports on the state of the
environment
• Several scientific journals can be browsed in internet to
assess a specific technology suitable for your
organization.
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