Transcript What are goals? - EDTEC Digital Bibliography

Return of Analysis: The Sequel
James Marshall
San Diego State
University
EDTEC 540
In Analysis, Part I
Revised
Course
Optimals
Oughts
Job Aids
Actuals
Is
Courses
T&D
TNA’s
Gap Analysis
Causes
Drivers
EPSS
Solution System
Recommendation
Cause Analysis
CBT/WBT
Solution
Partners:
Culture
Selection
Manageme
nt
Incentives
Etc.
Performance Analysis
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Gap Analysis
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Basically, optimals – actuals
The difference between what is and
what ought to be
Cause Analysis
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Identifies the causes
(barriers/performance drivers)
keeping things in actual-land, rather
than optimal-land
Analysis Review
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The four kinds of drivers? What are they?
The driver that would be represented by a zoo
landscaper who says she’s confused about how to
tell when the tree-trimming blade needs
changing? Let’s presume she’s telling the truth.
The district superintendent asks you to work to
work to reduce unpleasant student incidents
outside middle schools. Sources? What kinds of
questions would get you to the target gaps? Can
you frame up some of those queries?
The audience is teachers. The topic is
appreciation for diversity. How could the various
analyses help you handle this slippery and
important topic?
On Deck For Tonight
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Three types of analysis with varied
roles in PA and TNA:
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Goal Analysis
Task Analysis
Content/Subject Matter Analysis
What are Goals?
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Goals:
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Examples:
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A statement describing a broad or abstract
intent, state, or condition
A general statement of purpose or direction
Where we’re going
Know how to clean a mouse
Be safety conscious
Have an appreciation for Opera
Take an active role in the community
How do you know it’s a Goal?
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Use the (admittedly sexist) “Hey Dad…” Test
Goals: Good and Bad
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Problems with Goals:
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What does it mean?
It's easy to hide behind the mush.
How will we know when we achieve it?
We can't be accountable, if unspecified.
Reasons for Goal Analysis
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To define the intangible and move
towards objectives
To gain consensus from sources
To provide direction
To identify the main performances
that comprise the meaning of the
goal
To serve as the details for planning
and evaluation
Goal Analysis Process
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Write the goal down
Specify tangible attributes:
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of those who manifest the goal
of those who manifest the opposite of the goal
Combine the results, adding and pruning
to represent the goal
Create a complete list with performance
statements
Can you live with this list? Does it
represent the goal? Consensus? Can you
tell performers of the listed attributes
from non-performers?
Practice
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Problem: As Americans, we all
must play a role in protecting our
country from terrorism.
Goal: Americans will be constantly
vigilant.
Task: Perform a quick goal analysis
that results in a handful of
performance statements
Revised
Course
Optimals
Oughts
Job Aids
Actuals
Is
Courses
T&D
TNA’s
Gap Analysis
Causes
Drivers
EPSS
Solution System
Recommendation
Cause Analysis
CBT/WBT
Solution
Partners:
Culture
Selection
Manageme
nt
Incentives
Etc.
Task Analysis
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Breaks down a task to understand
the process of performance
Identifies how a job or task is
successfully accomplished
Task analysis typically details
optimals (when observing water
walkers).
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Occasionally used to detail actuals. But,
typically a source of optimals.
Task Analysis in Practice
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Find out whether, and how, to
improve the task
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Find inadequate performances within
tasks and redesign efforts, where
appropriate
Foolish to train people or provide job
aids for employees to help them to do
poorly designed jobs
Task Analysis in Practice
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Find out the general components of the
job
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Identify major tasks
Identify the actions performed
Identify the objects used
Methods:
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Watch water-walkers
Watch randomly selected individuals
Examine job announcements, etc.
Walk and talk – Cognitive Task Analysis
Attempt to do the job yourself
Task Analysis Methods
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Observation
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most common
most time consuming
useful for mental effort?
disrupts task (sometimes)
distinguish between sources for optimals &
actuals
Interviews
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expands on what you see
requires good interpersonal skills
consult with SME's
Observations in Task Analysis
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Job is mostly manual, or requires both
manual and cognitive “tasks”
You want to verify data collected from
other analyses
You can stay in environment long enough,
or view sufficient repetitions
You can be invisible or there is sufficient
trust that you won't alter performance
Subject Matter Analysis
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Purpose
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Sources
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When somebody knows something, what is it
that they know? How is it organized in their
head? (optimals)
Subject Matter Experts (SMEs), documents
(extant data), literature, water-walking
performers
Uses
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Uncover and document invisible optimals
Press SME's to figure out what it is they know
that makes them "expert"
Find ideational scaffolding (schema)
representing knowledge
Diagnose Hypothermia
isolate the combination of critical factors
which will support or rule out H
state how factors
interrelate to
produce H
state definition of H
recognize
environmental
cues
identify severity of
observed medical
symptoms
recognize specific
personal factors
as threatening
list types of
environmental cues
recognizes
symptoms
states distinguishing
features of
symptoms
list types of risky
personal
characteristics
lists factors in
order of
severity
defines relevant
symptoms
lists relevant
symptoms
Subject Matter Analysis
Subject Matter Analysis asks:
 "How is the topic organized?"
 "What are the subordinate, coordinate,
and superordinate relationships; i.e. how
does the content seem to be structured?"
 "If I could get an expert to accurately
explain what they know about a particular
subject (the pieces and their
relationships), what would it look like?"
Subject Matter Analysis
Subject Matter Analysis facilitates:
 Finding out what is involved in
being knowledgeable and expert
 Achieving clarity about intentions
 Resolving disputes between SMEs
 Finding the grist of the matter, and
then writing objectives that reflect
that essence
Subject Matter Analysis
To engage in subject matter analysis:
 Find sources of expertise
 Elaborate the content
 Document/represent the material
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Sources:
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Humans: On the job; local; global; vendor;
competition
Extant Data: diagrams; reports; manuals;
correspondence; job aids; glossaries;
specifications;
published literature
Subject Matter Analysis
I. Early Observations
A. Ancient beliefs
B. Age of enlightment
II. Use of telescope
A. Galileo
1. Refractor telescope
2. Discoveries
a. Craters on moon
b. Sunspots
c. Phases of venus
B. Newton
III. Unmanned exploration
A. Explorer
B. Surveyor
IV. Sending people to the moon
A. Apollo
B. Future plans
Analysis Paralysis
Which would you use when? Give an
example.
PA and/or
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Audience Analysis
Subject Matter Analysis
Gap Analysis
Goal Analysis
Task Analysis
Cause Analysis
TNA
Clarifications
Goal Analysis helps clarify and tangibilitate
a murky goal. What is the concrete
meaning of an abstract goal when the goal
is translated into human performance?
Subject Matter Analysis seeks content
elements and organization. What is it that
a knowledgeable person knows and how
can we represent it?
Task Analysis is about detailing how a task
is performed. What is it that a capable
person does?