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Status of the R&Ds on Diamond Particle Detectors
Mara Bruzzi
University of Florence - INFN Firenze
For the RD42 Collaboration
November 6, 2002 - VERTEX2002
Outline of the Talk:
Introduction
2001/2002 Milestones
Status of PolyCrystalline Diamond Particle Detectors
Single Crystal Diamond Particle Detectors
Summary and RD42 Plans
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
The RD42 Collaboration
http://rd42.web.cern.ch/RD42/
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W . A dam , E . B erd erm ann , P . B ergon zo , W . de
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H E P H Y , V ie nna, A ustria
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B oer , E . B orch i , A . B ram b illa , M . B ruzzi , C .
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C olled ani , J. C on w ay , P. D 'A n gelo , W .
L E T I/D E IN /S PE /C E A Sac la y, Fra nce
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D ab row ski , P . D elpierre , J. D orosh en ko , W .
IN FN , U niversity o f Flore nce, Ita ly
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D u lin ski , B . van E ijk , A . Fallou , P . Fischer , F. 5 L E P SI, IN 2 P3/C N R S -U L P, Strasbo urg, Fra nce
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Fizzotti , C . Fu retta , K .K . G an , N . G hodb an e , E .
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G rigoriev , G . H allew ell , S. H an , F. H artjes , J.
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H rub ec , D . H u sson , H . K agan , K ap lon , C .
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K arl , R . K ass , M . K eil , K .T . K nöp fle , T .
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Inst. für E xp. Physik, H a m b urg, G erm a ny
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U niversity o f T o rino, Ita ly
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M eier , D . M enich elli , S . M euser , M . M ishin a , 13 O hio State U nive rsity, C o lum b us, O H , U .S.A .
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L. M oron i , J. N oom en , A . O h , L. P erera , M .
C E R N , G eneva, Sw itze rla nd
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P ernicka , P . P olesello , R . P oten za , J.L. R iester ,
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Polytec hnico M ila no, Ita ly
S am p ietro , S . S ch netzer , S. S ciortin o , H . S telzer ,
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U niversity o f T o ro nto, C ana da
R . Stone , C . Su tera , G .B . T h om son , W .
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U niversität B o nn, B o nn, G erm a ny
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U niversität K a rlsruhe, K a rlsruhe, G erm a ny
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E . V itton e , W . Z eun er , M . Z oeller , P.
U niversity o f R o m a, Ita ly
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W eilham m er , N . W erm es , M . W etstein
Spokespersons
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Introduction
LHC L ~ 1034 cm-2s-1 in 10 years: f ~ 1015 n/cm2 for pixels
SLHC
L ~ 1035 cm-2s-1 fast hadron f up to 1016 cm-2
Inner tracking layers must survive
provide high precision tracking to tag b, t, Higgs
Diamond Properties:
Radiation hardness
Low Dielectric Constant
Low Capacitance
Low Leakage Current
Low readout noise
Room Temperature Operation , Fast signal collection time
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
2001/2002 Milestones
Priorities of Research in 2001/2002
Increase charge collection distance in a dedicated program
with industry to > 250mm
Test the Tracking and radiation tolerance properties of the
newest diamonds
Establish the performance of pixel detectors with radiation
hard front-end chips from ATLAS and CMS
Establish the performance of large detectors
Test diamond trackers with LHC specific electronics
(SCTA128 chip )
Irradiate modules sensors and front-end chips together
Finalize the geometry and metalization of diamond LHC
pixel detectors
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Status of PolyCrystalline Diamond Detectors
Chemical Vapour Deposition - DeBeers
Wafer diameter 5-6 inch
Metalization Cr/Au, Ti/Au, Ti/W new
1V/mm Operation, Drift velocity saturated
Test procedure: dot strip pixel
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
R&D with DeBeers Ind. Diamond
Latest Polycrystalline Diamonds Measured with a 90Sr Source
•System Gain = 124 e/mV
•QMP = 60mV = 7400e
•Mean Charge = 76mV = 9400e
Source data well separated from 0
Collection distance now 270mm
Most Probable Charge now 8000e
99% of PH distribution now above 3000e
FWHM/MP ~ 0.95 Si has ~ 0.5
This is diamond is available in large size
The research program worked!
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
History of ccd progress
Now
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Material Properties of PolyCrystalline Diamond
Grain-boundaries, dislocations, native defects in Polycrystalline Diamond:
limits carrier lifetime, mobility and charge collection distance
give rise to polarization and pumping effects
affect the radiation hardness ( spatial resolution improves, leakage
current decrease, mean signal decreases )
Grain size: ~10-100mm
Growth side of PolyDiamond
produced by the Florence group
State-of-art DeBeers
PolyDiamond growth side after lapping
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Basic Research on Defects in PolyCrystalline Diamond
Thermally Stimulated Currents
Analysis: TSC
Vrev
Low quality
High quality
t
T
ITS
t
C
t
Native defects at grain boundaries: Main peak@520K + RT tail
Et ~1eV, s ~ 10-12-10-19cm2, Nt ~ 1015-1019cm-3
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Optimising CCE through Material Removal
Columnar growth in
PolyDiamond films
Single-Crystal Line
Removal from growth ()
and substrate ()
Picture from sample
made in Florence
Higher grainboundary density
on substrate
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Recent Tracking Studies - CERN Test beam setup
100 GeV/c pion/muon beam
7 planes of CVD diamond strip sensors each 2cmx2cm
50mm pitch, no intermediate strips new metalization procedure
2 additional diamond strip sensors for test
several silicon sensors for cross checks
strip electronics ( 2ms ): ENC ~100e + 14 e/pF
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Recent Tracking Studies
Results
Uniform signals on all strips
Pedestal separated from “0” on all strips
99% of entries above 2000e
Mean signal charge ~8640e
MP signal charge ~6500e
.. Work in progress
Module with fully radiation hard SCTA128 electronics
Tested with Sr90 ready for beam test and irradiation
Charge distribution clearly separated from the noise S/N 8/1
efficiency will be measured in test beams at 40MHz clock rate
Improve position resolution by measuring charge sharing between strips
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Radiation Hardness
Signal to Noise
Resolution
Dark Current decreases with fluence
S/N decreases at 2x1015cm-2
Resolution improves at 2x1015 cm-2
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Other Radiation Effects
Pumping and Trapping
f = 5x1014 n/cm2
f = 2.0x1015 n/cm2
Pumping effect less evident
Defects at Et ~1eV partially
removed or compensated
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Single Crystal CVD Diamond Particle Detectors
Single Crystal films produced by DeBeers: Microwave plasma-assisted
CVD Homoepitaxial diamond films grown from HPHT synthetic diamond
substrates.
Samples size:
390-690mm thick, 6mm diameter
mn ~ 4500 cm2/Vs
mh ~ 3800 cm2/Vs
~ factor 2 higher than for natural single-crystal diamond
Carrier mobility @ RT
Carrier lifetime:
exceeds 2ms
Dramatic improvement as compared with natural and polycrystalline CVD
diamond (~ few ns)
Dislocation less than 106 cm-2
Nitrogen content of the order of 1015cm-3
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Performance of Single Crystal Diamond Detector
New metalization ( Al, no carbide involved )
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Single Crystal CVD Diamond Detector: CCE
Charge Collection Distance ~ Device Thickness ( over 90-95%)
~ 100% Charge Collection Efficiency
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Single Crystal CVD Diamond Detector: Pumping
Stable
Signal,
with
priming/polarization effects!
no
evidence
of
Single Crystal Diamonds do not pump like
polycrystalline material.
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Summary
Polycrystalline Diamond I
Charge collection
270mm collection distance
MP signal 8000 e
99% of charge distribution above 3000e
FWHM/MP 0.95
Tracking Results
Operated a 7 plane telescope with 50mm pitch detectors
high efficiency and tracking precision of 10-20mm
Rad-hard SCTA128 electronics (DMILL ) built
Source tests indicate high efficiency at 40MHz
Beam test and irradiation this year
Radiation Hardness
dark current decreases with fluence
some loss of S/N with fluence
Resolution improves with fluence
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Summary
Polycrystalline Diamond II
Diamond Pixel Detectors
Successfully tested ATLAS and CMS pixels patterns
Bump-bonding yield 100%
Excellent correlation between telescope and pixel data
Reasonable spatial resolution attained
Radiation hard chips just arrived
Single Crystal Diamond: Future ?
Material Characteristics
mn ~ 4500 cm2/Vs , mh ~ 3800 cm2/Vs
Carrier lifetime exceeds 2ms
low native defect content
Detector performance
no pumping effect
100% charge collection efficiency over 550mm
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002
Future Plans of RD42
Charge Collection
collection distance 300mm
improved uniformity
correlation between defects and detector performance
Radiation hardness of diamond trackers and pixel detectors
Irradiation with p, p, n up to 5x1015cm-2
Beam tests with Diamond Trackers and Pixel detectors
Trackers with SCTA Electronics
Pixel detectors with ATLAS and CMS and rad hard elect.
Construct the full ATLAS diamond pixel module
M.Bruzzi for RD42 Coll.- Status of R&D on Diamond Particle Detectors- Vertex2002, Hawaii, Nov.4-8, 2002