Transcript Cities and Urban Land Use

Cities and Urban Land Use
Alexa Castillo
Valentina Rojas
Megacities
• A very large city characterized by both primary
and high centrality within its national
economy.
• Bangkok, Beijing
Megalopolis
• A large urban region formed as several urban areas
spread and merge.
• Boswash, the region including Boston, New York, and
Washington D.C.
Metropolitan Area
• In the US, a large functionally integrated settlement area
comprising one or more whole county units and usually
containing several urbanized areas; discontinuously built up, it
operates as coherent economic whole.
• Chicago on the Great Lakes.
Multiple Nuclei Model
• A model that depicts a city growing from
several separate focal points.
• Port, neighborhood, biz center, university,
airport, park.
Multiplier Effect
• The direct, indirect and induced consequences
of change in an activity.
• Money used to create more money.
Neighborhood
• A small social area within a city where residents
share values, concerns and interact with one another
on a daily basis.
• Where people associate a sense of community with
specific locale.
Office Park
• Cluster of office buildings usually located
along an interstate, often forming the nucleus
of an edge city.
• In Atlanta the location is in relation to the
freeway network.
Peak Land Value Intersection
• The most accessible and costly parcel of land in the
central business district and, therefore in the entire
urbanized area.
• Major banks and corporation offices are located
here.
Planned Communities
• The idea of building ideal communities, developed in
response to the predominant residential trend of 20th century
urbanism which is the spread of suburbs on the outskirts of a
city.
• Seaside on the Florida Panhandle.
Postindustrial City
• A stage of economic development in which service activities become
relatively more important than goods production; professional technical
employment supersedes employment in agriculture and manufacturing;
and level of living is defined by the quality of services and amenities rather
than by the quantity of goods available.
• Detroit is the best example.
Postmodern Urban Landscapes
• A style characterized by a diversity of architectural styles and
elements, often combined in the same building or project.
• Town center at Reston, a privately planned residential
community in Virginia, just outside Washington D.C.
Primate City
• Settlement that dominates the economic,
political and cultural life of a country and as a
result of rapid growth, expands its primacy or
dominance.
• Washington D.C.
Rank-Size Rule
• A statistical regularity in size distributions of cities
and regions.
• Argentina, Buenos Aires is more than 10 times the
size of Rosario, the second largest city.
Redlining
• Practice whereby lending institutions delimit “bad risk”
neighborhoods on a city map and then use the maps as the
passes for determining loans.
• During the heyday the areas most discriminated where black
inner city neighborhoods.
Restrictive Covenants
• A statement written into a property that restricts the use of
land in some way; often used to prohibit certain groups of
people from buying property.
• FHA explicitly warned against neighborhoods with a racial
mix: property values went down.
Sector Model
• An economic model that depicts a city as a
series of pre shaped wedges.
• Modification of the Concentric Zone Model.
Segregation
• Spatial separation of specific population
subgroups within a wider population.
• Racial segregation: people from different
ethnic backgrounds live somewhere else.
Settlement form
Dispersed
• A rural settlement pattern characterized by
isolated farms rather than clustered villages.
• Found mainly in England.
Elongated State
• A state with a long narrow state.
• Chile
Nucleated/Clustered Settlement
• A rural settlement in which the houses and
farm buildings of each family are situated
close to each other and fields surround the
settlement.
• Germany.
Shopping Mall
• Artificial landscapes of consumption, located in most urban
areas in the more developed world.
• Located near an off-ramp of a major freeway. Upper and
middle class.
Site/Situation
• Site: local setting of a city. Ex: San Francisco. Shallow cove at
the Eastern Shore of a Peninsula.
• Situation: regional setting or location. Ex: it drew on
waterborne traffic coming across the bay from other, smaller
settlements.
Slum
• Concentrations of low-income people with a
variety of physical, social, and economic
problems very different from those faced by
suburban residents.
• Squatter Settlements.
Social Structure
• The division classes throughout the city.
• High class, middle class and low class.
Squatter Settlement
• Residential developments that take place on
land that is neither owned nor rented by its
occupant.
• Favelas in Brazil.
Street Patterns
• Grid: straight streets and right-angle intersections make a
striking contrast to the curved, wandering lanes of the later
medieval quarters or the streets of Rome itself.
• Dendritic: characterized by fewer streets organized into a
hierarchy based on the amount of traffic each is intended to
carry. EX: urban sprawl neighborhoods.
Suburb
• District lying immediately outside a city or
town, especially a smaller residential
community.
• Pinecrest, Palmetto Bay.
Suburbanization
• Growth of a population along the fringes of
large metropolitan areas.
• People moving to the outskirts in order to
seek a better life.
Symbolic Landscape
• Representations of particular values or
aspirations that the builders and financiers of
those landscapes want to import to a larger
public.
• A mosque, a cathedral.
Tenement
• Run-down and overcrowded apartment
house, especially in a poor section of a large
city.
• Ghettos.
Threshold
• Minimum market size required to make the
sale of a particular product or service.
• Minimum number of clients required to open
a store (Starbucks)
Town
• Clustered human settlement larger than a
village.
• A municipality; Brookline, Massachusetts.
Underclass
• Refers to a class of individuals who experience a form of
poverty from which it is very difficult to escape because of
their isolation from mainstream values and the formal labor
market.
• In US located in inner-city, characterized by senselness and
provoked violence.
Underemployment
• Occurs when people work less than full time even
though they would prefer to work more hours.
• Among peripheral metropolises such as Mexico City,
Sao Paulo, Lagos, Mumbai, Dhaka, Jakarta, Karachi,
and Manilla.
Urban Growth Rate
• Rate of growth on an urban population.
• Commonly between .1% and 3%. Associated
with natural and overall growth.
Urban Hearth Area
• A region in which the world’s first cities
evolved.
• In US: Cahokia, central Mississippi.
Urban Heat Island
• Metropolitan area significantly warmer than
its surrounding rural areas.
• Atlanta, Georgia.
Urban Hierarchy
• Ranking of settlements according to their site
and economic functions.
• Four order towns, being order 1 the most
basic one.
Urban Hydrology
• Cities create large impervious areas where water cannot soak
into the Earth. Instead, precipitation is converted into
immediate runoff.
• Hard surfaces and artificial collection channels, runoff in cities
is concentrated and immediate.
Urban Morphology
• Physical form of the city, which consists of
street patterns, building sites and shapes,
architecture, and density.
• Buildings in CBD.
Urbanization
• Process by which population of cities grows
increases the number of people living in cities
and an increase in percentage of people living
in cities.
• China, cities becoming megacities.
Urbanized Population
• Percentage of a nation’s population living in
towns and cities.
• North America, Europe, Latin America, and
Caribbean 75% of pop live in urban areas.
World City
• Cities that have played key roles in organizing
space beyond their own national boundaries.
• In 17th century: London, Amsterdam, Genoa,
Lisbon, Venice. In 19th century: Berlin,
Chicago, Manchester, NY, and St. Petersburg.
Zone in Transition
• Zone of mixed land uses.
• Warehouses, small factories, and workshops,
specialized stores, and older residential
neighborhoods.
Zoning
• Encouraged spatial separation, prevented
mixing of land uses within the same district.
• Developed in Europe, and North America
beginning 20th century.