Transcript Document

“Global Safety Management: Revolution or Evolution”
Unmanned Aircraft Systems:
Considerations for Certification
and Interoperability
Aircraft Certification Information Session
U.S./Europe International Aviation Safety Conference
By: Doug Davis, FAA, and Yves Morier, EASA
Date: June 5, 2008
Outline
• FAA Activities
• EASA Activities
• FAA/EASA Collaboration
• Reference Information on EASA Annexes
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Status of FAA Regulatory
Development
• Starting Small and “Do No Harm”
• Why? Market surveys indicate majority of UAS
developed in the next 8-10 years will be under 20
pounds
– Includes civil, military, and commercial use
• Creation of an Aviation Rulemaking Committee (ARC)
– Initial committee meeting held May 27-29 in DC
– An aggressive schedule (6-9 months)
• Rulemaking Process is lengthy
– Projected final rule due in 2010/2011
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More Regulatory Plans
• FAA has several certification teams
focusing on future rule development:
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Restricted Category guidance
14 CFR Part 1 Definitions
14 CFR Part 21
14 CFR Part 23 review & applicability
14 CFR Part 27 (Rotorcraft) review & applicability
Ground Control Station Technology
Automatic Take-off & Landing Technology
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Experimentals and Approvals
• 31 Experimental Certificates Issued since
August 2005
– 8 more in the queue
• Certificates of Authorization/Waivers
– Still between 80-100 per year
• Recent Challenge with Optionally Piloted
Aircraft
– Interest is increasing in using for UAS equipment
development
– Need guidance for the field
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Policies & Guidance Material
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Policies & Guidance Material
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RTCA – Building Avionics Standards
• Developing Minimum Aviation System
Performance Standards (MASPS) for:
– UAS
– Sense & Avoid (Includes separation assurance)
– Command & Control
• Recent re-baselining of Terms of Reference
– MASPS projected for >2015
– Risk-based approach
– Industry support (or lack of it) drives the schedule
• Harmonization with EUROCAE WG-73
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EASA Activities
• The A-NPA
– A-NPA 16/2005 issued on 7 November 2005
– Still available on the EASA web-site:
• http://www.easa.europa.eu/ws_prod/r/r_archives.php
– Consultation closed on 7 February 2006
• Basis for the A-NPA:
– Report of the JAA and EUROCONTROL joint initiative on UAV
(UAV Task-Force report)
• http://www.easa.europa.eu/ws_prod/r/r_archives.php
• Purpose of the A-NPA:
– Envisage a policy for UAV systems
(airworthiness)) certification
– Solicit comments on specific points
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EASA Activities
• The policy:
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Scope
Objectives
Definitions
Design and production
Continuing airworthiness
Environmental protection
UAS = flying vehicle + ground segment +
control data link
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EASA Activities
• The Comment Response Document was
published on 06/12/2007:
http://www.easa.europa.eu/ws_prod/r/r_archives.php
– The Agency acknowledge the significant delay
compared to initial previsions
– Majority of comments concur that the option chosen
by the Agency to develop a policy for UAV/S
certification within the constraints described in the ANPA is a step in the right direction.
– Was open for reactions until 06/02/2008.
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EASA Activities
• Highlights of comments received:
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Conventional versus safety target approach for certification
The two alternatives for selecting the manned CS.
UAV system safety analysis
Need for DOA
Certificate of airworthiness and control stations
Environment
UAV or UAS?
‘sense and avoid’
Total system approach as proposed by Sweden
Security
Coordination with military working group on UAV
UAV below 150 KG
Regulatory framework for UAV: Role of EASA and development of a
comprehensive framework for UAV regulation
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Reactions on CRD
• Reactions have been received from:
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5 Manufacturers
1 Association of Manufacturers
1 Research Establishment
2 Authorities
1 Pilot Association
• One issue has been heavily commented:
– Safety target approach/ Target safety levels
• Analysis of reactions will be done so that
the policy is issued in Summer
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Contacts with Other Organisations
• ICAO:
– EASA is participating into the Unmanned Aircraft
System Study Group (UASSG)
• FAA and Transport Canada:
– The three organizations will communicate about any
activity initiated by one of them in the field of UAV
• EUROCONTROL:
– Regular contacts are maintained , be it in the context
of general coordination or specific meetings, or
through its participation in workshops
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Contacts with Other Organisations
• EUROCAE:
– Agency provide regular updates to the EUROCAE
working group WG-73
– WG-73 was asked to work on certain tasks identified
in the CRD
• European Defence Agency:
– The Agency intends to build on the first contacts
established with EDA.
• NATO:
– NATO is considering inviting the Agency to its FINAS
working group
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Contacts with Other Organisations
• Workshop on 01/02/2008
– Objective of sharing information was achieved:
• Presentations are on the EASA web-site at
• http://www.easa.europa.eu/home/g_events.html
– Consider further coordination between Institutions
– Seek EASA management agreement to be more present in
UAV activities
– EASA will participate into the activities related to UAV below
150 KG
– Noted different views expressed on EASA approach to safety
objective and encouraged reactions on the CRD
– Reactions on CRD will be fully evaluated
– Confirmed the need to publish the policy quickly now
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EASA extension of scope
• Previous Basic Regulation (1592) establishes
Community competence only for the regulation of
the airworthiness and environmental compatibility of
products
• Scope of this regulation is now extended to air
operations; flight crew licensing and third country
aircraft:
– New Basic Regulation No 216/2008 dated 20 February 2008
and effective 8 April 2008
– Implementing rules for manned aircraft: 1 year later
IRs for UAS crews and UAS ops expected in due time
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EASA extension of scope
• EASA’s scope proposed to cover also the
safety regulation of airport operations, air
traffic management and air navigation
services:
– Opinion 03/2007 for aerodromes was issued in
December 2007
– Opinion 01/2008 for ATM/ANS dated 15 April 2008
– Legislative proposal for both could be issued by the
Commission in summer 2008
– EASA legal remit fully extended by say 2011?
IRs for access by UAS to airspace expected in due time
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EASA Conclusions
• Present and future extensions of scope have been
described
– This present extension of scope will allow us to address
operations and crew licensing issues for UAV
• EASA is committed to finalise this summer the
policy for UAV systems certification
• EASA is willing to cooperate and contribute to the
development of a comprehensive UAV regulatory
framework.
• …debate is necessary before proposing any IRs:
EASA looks forward for your continuing support
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FAA/EASA Collaborative Efforts
• Improve communication approach
– Propose Quarterly Teleconferences
• Rulemaking approaches (Includes design, production,
maintenance, operations, and licensing)
– Area of common interest
– Identification of priority areas for future rulemaking
– Starts with information exchange as a working method
• Sharing data in a generalized format on safety cases made by
applicants without being project specific
• Process that established the “tailoring case”
• Continued Airworthiness data
• Identification of issues surrounding the Validation of
Approvals, e.g. future bilateral considerations
– For example, issues surrounding VLA/VLR
– Desire to mitigate burden on applicants
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Summary
• The Challenges of Integrating UAS are many
• Sharing the Workload will be Key to a
Timely Success
• This is Not a Race – It’s about Safety
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ADDITIONAL REFERENCE
INFORMATION
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EASA-Annex I
• More information on the policy
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EASA activities
• The policy (I):
– Scope:
 UAS with a maximum take-off mass of 150 kg or more;
which are not excluded by Article 1(2) or Article 4(2) and
Annex II of EC Regulation 1592/2002.
– Objectives:
• Airworthiness (protection of people and property on the
ground); environmental protection (ICAO annex 16)
– Definitions:
• insist on the system: UAS
UAS = flying vehicle + ground segment + control data link
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EASA activities
• The policy (II):
– Procedure for UAS certification: Part 21 is applicable
• Type certificate (TC):
– Part 21 A.17: type certification basis
– Design organisation approval for designer
• Production organisation approval for manufacturer
• Certificate of airworthiness and Noise certificates for
individual UAS
• Restricted certificate of airworthiness may be issued for
operations in remote areas
– This procedure would allow for a stepped by step approach:
• Restricted certificate of airworthiness
• TC
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EASA activities
• The policy (III):
– UAS elements to be included in the type certification
basis:
• Any function and associated equipments that can
prejudice continued safe flight and landing or
environmental compatibility
• Typical list is provide in attachment 1 of the policy
« No hazard » principle for
mission avionics and transmission of mission data
States may voluntarily apply elements of the policy to UAV < 150 Kg
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EASA activities
• The policy (IV):
– Type Certification basis:
• Adapted from existing Certification Specification (CS) for
manned aircraft
• Methodology to select appropriate CS.
• Tailoring for UAS of selected CS
• UAS system safety assessment
• Special conditions:
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emergency recovery capability;
communication link;
level of autonomy;
human machine interface;
Others
• Detailed guidance is contained into attachment 2 to the policy
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EASA activities
• The policy (IV):
– Continuing airworthiness:
• Part M is applicable
– Environmental protection:
• Noise: appropriate chapters of annex 16 volume I
– Need for adaptation for UAS specific use
• Gaseous emissions and fuel venting: annex 16 volume II
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EASA-Annex II
• Disposal of main comments in CRD
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Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA
consultation and replies in CRD:
• Issues fully within the “old” (Reg.
1592/2002) EASA remit (I):
– Conventional versus safety target approach for
certification:
• Conventional approach retained
– The two alternatives for selecting the manned CS:
• Kinetic energy method retained
– UAS system safety analysis
• Quantitative level as in selected CS for first issue of the
Policy
• Ask EUROCAE WG-73 to develop further guidance for the
system airworthiness aspects
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Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA
consultation and replies in CRD:
• Issues fully within the “old” (Reg.
1592/2002) EASA remit (II):
– Need for DOA
• Possible alleviation for light UAS
– Certificate of airworthiness and control stations
• Certificate of airworthiness covers one air vehicle and one
control station
– Environment:
• Stick to ICAO Annex 16 keeping in mind that turbo-jet
powered UAS with short take-off distances and/ or special
missions may necessitate specific measures.
– UAV or UAS?
• UAS
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Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA
consultation and replies in CRD:
• Issues fully within the “old” (Reg.
1592/2002) EASA remit : way forward
– Short term:
• Review the reactions
• When appropriate modify the policy
• Publish the policy in Summer because we
have
already 3 applications
– Further development of the policy:
• several tasks proposed to the EUROCAE WG-73 as
described in the previous slides
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Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA
consultation and replies in CRD:
• Issues outside the EASA remit (I):
– ‘sense and avoid’:
• Still not part of the Policy
• To develop a special condition using EUROCONTROL
specification relative to military UAS used in
operational air traffic outside segregated airspace
• Agency will request EUROCAE WG 73 to develop the
special condition
– Total system approach as proposed by Sweden
• Attractive concept but goes beyond UAS certification
• Deserve further study
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Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA
consultation and replies in CRD:
• Issues outside the EASA remit (II):
– Security:
• Key issue but not within EASA remit
• Safety impacts of security systems are within EASA
remit
– Coordination with military working group on UAS:
• Importance recognised
• USAR version 3 and most likely STANAG 4671 can be
used with certain limitations
– UAS below 150 KG:
• Coordination between Member States using EUROCAE
WG-73 is encouraged
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Main issues highlighted by the A-NPA
consultation and replies in CRD:
• Issues outside the EASA remit: way forward
– regulatory framework for UAV: Role of EASA and development
of a comprehensive framework for UAV regulations:
• Create a group to identify building blocks and road map for a
comprehensive framework for UAV regulation:
• The group should report to the Commission because the
Commission is competent for all issues related to UAV
regulation. It should include the main players and take into
account existing or planned activities. A specific task for the
group would be to develop regulatory impact assessment (in
particular safety case).
• The group should allocate responsibilities so that each player
is responsible to organise its work. The group may also
organise further studies as appropriate (e.g. Total System
Approach, Safety Target approach)
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