Comparative Anatomy Circulatory System
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Transcript Comparative Anatomy Circulatory System
Comparative Anatomy
Circulatory System
Kardong
Chapter 12
Part 13
Cardiovascular System
Arteries
Veins
Carry blood away from the
heart
Muscular, elastic fibrous
walls (see next figure)
Regulates blood pressure
Terminate in capillary bed
Carry blood toward the
heart
Heart
Modified blood vessel
Figure 13.1. Cross section of
artery and vein.
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
Figure 13.2. Blood vessel microanatomy..
Aortic arches- Within pharyngeal arches
Figure 13.3. Basic circulatory pattern of amniote embryo.
Aortic arches- Within pharyngeal arches
(discussed later)
Figure 13.4-5. Embryological development of aortic
arches (see book figures 12.9 -10).
Portal Systems
Veins that drain an organ and dump blood
into another organ instead of heart
Figure 13.6. Portal systems of craniates.
Portal Systems (cont’d.)
Hepatic
Drains small intestine into liver
Renal
Drains venous channels of tail into
kidneys
Hypophyseal
Drains hypothalamus into sinusoids of
anterior pituitary
Smallest
Figure 13.7. Hepatic and renal portal
systems of shark (book figure 12.11).
Portal Systems (cont’d.)
Figure 13.8. Hypophyseal portal system
(book figure 15.15) .
Heart
In a typical tetrapod, the heart pumps blood:
By pulmonary arteries, from heart to lungs
(blood returns to heart by pulmonary veins)
By aorta to systemic circulation…
Fish heart – tube-like
4 chambers:
Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Conus arteriosus
Figure 13.9. Four chambers of heart in
most fishes (book figure 12.26).
Fish Heart (cont’d.)
Fish heart
Sinus
venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Conus arteriosus*
Figure 13.10. Fish with four
chambered heart (book figure
12.27).
Fish Heart (cont’d.)
Sinus venosus
Thin-walled venous chamber
Receives blood from ducts of Cuvier, coronary
veins, hepatic veins
Atrium
Large and thin walled
Dorsal to ventricle
Fish Heart (cont’d.)
Ventricle
Dumps into conus artriosus- continuous with
aorta
Chambers separated by valves: sino-atrial note,
sino-ventricular node, semi-lunar valve
Conus arteriosus (bulbus cordis in embryos)
Short in bony fish and amphibians
Termed bulbous arteriosus (if walls lack cardiac
muscle, but contains smooth muscle)
Not found in adult amniotes
Phylogeny of the Heart
Figure 13.11. Heart chambers,
oxygenated blood flow (red),
and septum modification .
Lungfish and Amphibian vs Dogfish
Modifications of partial or complete partition
in atrium
Left and right atria
Advent of lungs
Double circulation
Modification in conus arteriosus
Semi-lunar valve modified to shunt deoxygenated
blood to lungs (spiral valve)
Spiral Valve
Figure 13.12. Spiral valve in
dipnoans; longitudinal folds
of conus lining (book figure
12.29).
Figure 13.13. Spiral valve in anurans; single flap
(book figure 12.30).
Amphibian Heart
Spiral valve directs
oxygenated blood entering
ventricle from left atrium
Conus (termed truncus
arteriosus when greatly
reduced)
Bulbus arteriosus
Swelling of ventral aorta
Smooth muscle
Figure 13.14. Three chambered frog heart.
Amphibian Heart (cont’d.)
Urodele - partially divided circulation
Right and left atrium
Sinus venosus dumps into right
atrium
Pulmonary veins leave left ventricle
Reptile - fully divided circulation
Figure 13.15-16. Salamander heart
chambers (left) and circulation path (book
figures 12.16 and 12.31).
Reptile Heart
Cavum venosum (CV) - internal pocket e.g., turtle
Blood collected from post cava through sinus
venosus to precava
To right atrium
Venous blood to CV
Cavum pulmonale
Into pulmonary artery to lungs
Oxy. blood returns through pulmonary veins in left atrium
Back to CV
To left and right aortic trunk
Turtle Heart
Figure 13.17. Chelonian heart chambers and circulation path (see book figure 12.33).
Squamate Heart
Figure 13.18. Squamate heart chambers and
circulation path (book figure 12.35).
Crocodilian Heart
Mechanism for breathing and diving
Lungs not utilized
Blood not pumped to lungs
Foramen of Panizza
Valve between aortic trunks to divert blood
Allows left ventricle to pump to both arches when
right ventricle closed
Underwater right ventricle helps pump
systemic blood
Diving
Semilunar valve in right aorta closed when above water
Semilunar valve forced open when submerged in water to
divert pulmonary circulation
(a)
(b)
Figure 13.19. Crocodilian blood circulation when (a) diving and when (b) on the
surface.
Two Aortic Trunks
Figure 13.20. Turtle heart
and two aortic trunks
emerging .
Figure 13.21. Crocodilian foramen of
Panizza connects two aortic trunks at
base (see book figure 12.36).
Higher Amniote Heart
4 chambered heart
2 atria and 2 ventricles
Birds and mammals
Sinus venosus - 5th chamber in reptile heart
Becomes sino-atrial node
In embryo, right and left atria are not separated
Foramen ovale
Fossa ovalis
Auricle- flap on side of atrium
Adult Mammalian Heart
Figure 13.22. Adult heart blood flow (see book figure 12.42).
Aortic Arches
Basic pattern has 6 aortic arches
Major arterial channels
Ventral aorta
Dorsal aorta
6 pairs of aortic arches
connects ventral aorta
and dorsal aortae
Reptiles - additional arch
Figure 13.23. Adult heart blood flow (book figure 12.13).
Aortic Arches (cont’d.)
Figure 13.24. Basic pattern of
aortic arches and dorsal aortae.
Figure 13.25. Ventral perspective of aortic
arches (book figure 12.19).
Figure 13.26. Left aortic arches (see book figure 12.17).
Aortic Arches (cont’d.)
Teleost
1st and 2nd arches lost
Dorsal aortae become internal carotids
Lung fish
Pulmonary artery from 6th arch
Tetrapods
Pulmonary artery from 6th arch
5th arch lost
Figure 13.27. Aortic arches, internal
carotids (ic) and pulmonary artery
(book figure 12.14).
Tetrapod Aortic Arches
1st and 2nd arches lost
Dorsal segment dropped between
3rd and 4th arches
Ductus caroticus
Figure 13.28. Adult aortic arches
(see book figure 12.17).
Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont’d.)
3rd arch extends to internal carotids
Carotid arch
Ventral aorta extension
External carotid
Common carotid at base between 3rd
and 4th
Figure 13.29. Aortic arches,
internal carotid (ic), external
carotic (ec) and common carotid
(cc) (book figure 12.14).
Tetrapod Aortic Arches (con’t)
5th arch lost
Dorsal segment of 6th arch lost
4th arch - no anterior connection
Aortic arch (systemic arch)
6th arch
Pulmonary arch
Ex: adult anuran
Figure 13.30. Adult aortic
arches (book figure 14.19).
Figure 13.31. Modifications of aortic arches
and dorsal aortae into mature mammalian
vascular system.
Aortic Arch Summary
Urodele
Ductus caroticus
Ductus arteriosus
- dorsal segment of 6th arch
Reptiles
1st and 2nd arches lost
Ductus caroticus lost
5th arch lost
Ductus arteriosus lost
Additional aortic arch introduced
Arch from left side loops right
Arch from right side loops left
Figure 13.32. Modifications of aortic arches
and their derivative in anamniotes (book figure
12.14).
Mammalian Aortic Arches
3rd, 4th, 5th, & 6th retained embryonically
Adults- 1st and 2nd dropped
3rd carotid arch
4th systemic arch
5th lost
Dorsal segment of 6th lost
Retained embryonically- ductus
arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum)
Figure 13.33. Adult aortic
arches (book figure 12.19).
Figure 13.34. Left aortic arches
(book figure 12.17).
Bird Aortic Arches
Right portion of aortic arch is retained and left
is lost (opposite to mammals)
Birds have right aortic arch
Mammals have left aortic arch
Venous System
Sinus venosus - where all blood
returns
Feed by common cardinals and
subclavian veins
Shark renal portal system - drains
blood from tail before entering post
cardinal (book figure 12.21)
Figure 13.35. Modifications of basic
venous patterns showing sinus
venosus (S) (book figure 12.21).
Venus System
Major venous channels
Cardinals: anterior, posterior, common
Renal portal
Lateral abdominals
Vitellines- associated with hepatic portal system
Coronary veins
Additional characteristics of higher vertebrates
Pulmonary
Posterior vena cava
Venus System
Common cardinals - directs blood to sinus
venosus
Anterior cardinals - receives blood from head
Post cardinals - receives blood from kidneys
Renal portal - receives blood from caudal vein
Lateral abdominals- receives blood from
abdominal stream to iliac (lateral wall of body)
Hepatic portal veins - receives blood from intestine into liver
Hepatic veins – direct blood into sinus venosus
Modifications to Basic
Venous System
Post cardinal lost in adult anurans
Post cava- new vessel
Post cava drains kidneys in turtle
External iliac vein connects lateral abdominals and
renal portal system
Modifications to Basic
Venous System
Most mammals lose renal portal system
Pre-cava- common cardinals in higher verts
Internal jugular- anterior cardinal veins
Anterior vena cava- only right pre-cava retained
Modifications to Basic
Venous System
Azygous- vestige of right
post cardinal veins
Hemiazygous- remnant of
left post cardinal
Inferior vena cava- post
cava
(a)
(b)
Figure 13.36. Ventral view of anterior venous
channels of cat and human (a) and ventral view
of azygos of rhesus monkey (b).
Azygos and Hemiazygos
Figure 13.37. Ventral view of venous
channels of rabbit (see book figure 12.23).
Fetal Circulation
Figure 13.38. Circulation of mammalian
fetus (see book figure 12.42).
Fetal Circulation (cont’d.)
Figure 13.39. Fetal circulation before birth.
Fetal Circulation (cont’d.)
Figure 13.40. Pre birth fetal circulation: liver (I), inferior vena
cava (II), rt. atrium (III), lt. atrium (IV), ductus arteriosus into
descending aorta (see book figure 12.42).
Fetal Circulation (cont’d.)
Oxygenation at placenta
Umbilical veins supply fetus with
oxy. blood
Vein passes through liver and
unites with post cava
From right atrium, oxy. blood goes
2 directions
To right ventricle
To left atrium through
foramen ovale
Figure 13.41. Foramen ovale in
fetal circulation system.
Fetal Circulation (cont’d.)
In right ventricle, oxy. blood sent to pulmonary artery
Lungs nonfunctional
Ductus arteriosus diverts blood from lungs
Figure 13.42. Adult aortic
arches of mammal.
Figure 13.43. Left aortic arches with ductus
arteriosus.
Circulation At Birth
Placenta shuts down
Umbilical vein collapses- near falciform ligament
Interatrial aperture closes (fossa ovalis)
Ductus arteriosus closes (ligamentum arteriosum)
Deoxygenated blood now enters right ventricle, pulmonary
arteries, and continues to lungs
Ductus venosus collapses (ligamentum venosum)
Figure 13.44. Post birth modifications in fetal
circulation.