Transcript Map Projection in Malaysia - University of New South Wales

Coordinate Systems in Malaysia
History, Future and Somewhere in
Between
For GMAT2700 Geodesy and Spatial Reference
Frames
By Nor Yahaya
Malaysia
A country in South East Asia
Situated between 2° and 7°
to the North of the Equator
line
Consists of 13 states and 3
Federal Territories
The East Malaysia and West
Malaysia are separated by
the South China Sea
History of Malaysian Datum
• Starting with the geodetic datum - realized by
establishing triangulation network.
Triangulation:
•Measurement of at least a baseline and
angles
•Basic principles:
•If length of one side of a triangle is
known and angles are accurately
measured, the other two sides of the
triangle can be measured
History of Malaysian Datum
• Old Triangulation Network for Peninsular Malaysia:
1888 - 1896
• Establishment of Perak System to support cadastral requirements for Perak, Penang and Kedah
1899
• Another triangulation known as Asa System was based on a baseline measured in Tanjung Malim
and astronomical observation of latitude, longitude and azimuth done at Bukit Asa
1908
• A traverse 1491 miles covering the western side of the main range was carried out
1909
• The major triangulation of Pahang was completed
1910
• The triangulation was extended to the border with Thailand
1911
• The Johor major triangulation connecting Pahang to Singapore was completed
1912
• Triangulation survey connecting Kedah and Perlis
History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan
Primary Triangulation
• Malayan Primary Triangulation
– Primary Triangulation of Malaya (1913 – 1916)
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Formed by the existing triangulation network
System was not unified through common adjustment
Resolved to one common system in 1948
Lat/ Long of the origin of Repsoid Triangulation (Kertau)
was decided to be altered.
History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan
Primary Triangulation
• Malayan Revised Triangulation (MRT)
• Used in Peninsular Malaysia since
1948
• Consists of 77 geodetic stations, 240
primary stations, 837 secondary and
51 tertiary stations
• Adopted as a result of previous
network re-computations + Primary
Triangulation
• Reference ellipsoid – Modified
Everest
• Origin – Kertau
• Map projection – Rectified Skew
Orthomorphic (RSO)
• Cadastral surveys projection –
Cassini Soldner
History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan
Primary Triangulation
• Borneo Triangulation 1968 (BT68)
• Geodetic network for Sabah and Sarawak
• Results from the re-adjustment of the primary
control of East Malaysia
• Origin – Bukit Timbalai, Labuan
Technology revolution
All weather
operations
Globally
applicable
Well suited for
surveying of long
inter-station distances
(ten kms – hundreds
kms)
Capable of 3D
baseline
measurement
24/7
availability
Needs Towards Geocentric Datum
Widely used satellite positioning systems
Existing datum incompatible
Unification of datums between East and West Malaysia
In line with international recommendation
GDM2000 – The Realization
MASS Network in Malaysia
Zero Order GPS
Network (MASS)
IGS Stations
Existing PMPGN
and EMPGN
Strengthening of
PMPGN and
EMPGN
GDM2000
Realization
GDM2000 – Implications
• On Cadastral Survey
– Current cadastral survey system will be
maintained until the implementation of
Coordinated Cadastral System (CCS) – which
would be using GDM2000 as coordinate reference
frame for Cadastral Surveys in Peninsular Malaysia
– CCS cadastral coordinate system towards
more
cadastral coordinates
GDM2000 – Implications
• On Mapping
– Change in coordinates ≈ 200m
– Displacement:
• 1:50000
• 1:10000
4mm on map
20mm on map
– Change in grids and graticules position
– Change in coordinates of map features
– Transformation process in mapping products will
be simple
GDM2000 – Implications
• On GPS Positioning
– Currently is based on WGS84 coordinates
– Not much difference:
• GDM2000 is based on ITRF2000 epoch 00.0
• WGS84 has been closely aligned to ITRF
– However will affect high precision absolute
positioning
Coordinate System in Malaysia
Old Cassini-Soldner for Peninsular Malaysia (E, N)
Old Rectified Skew Orthomorphic for Peninsular Malaysia (E, N)
Old Rectified Skew Orthomorphic for East Malaysia (E, N)
Malayan Revised Triangulation (ф, λ, h)
Peninsular Malaysia Primary GPS Network (ф, λ, h and X, Y, Z)
East Malaysia Primary GPS Network (ф, λ, h and X, Y, Z)
Geocentric Datum of Malaysia (ф, λ, h and X, Y, Z)
New Cassini-Soldner for Peninsular Malaysia (E, N)
New Rectified Skew Orthomorphic for Peninsular Malaysia (E, N)
New Rectified Skew Orthomorphic for East Malaysia (E, N)
References
• GDM2000 Technical Manual from Department
of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia
• GMAT4900 lecture notes from C. Rizos, 2010