Transcript Sustainable Conservation of Modern Architecture

SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION
OF BRICK BUILT HERITAGE
Tommi Lindh, Architect SAFA UIA, Lic. Sc. (Arch.)
Climate assumptions and commitments
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Enormous potential in built environment
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Share of energy end-use 42 %
Produce 38 % of carbon emissions in Finland (?)
Commitments and Strategies
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Kyoto Protocol (before 2012)
International climate change negotiations (after 2012)
Climate and Energy Strategy (2020)
Finland’s Foresight Report on long-term Climate and Energy
Policy (2050)
EU goal 2020 will be achieved in Finnish built environment by
2017
Objective: Finland becomes a pioneer in sustainable building
Resource facts
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Non-renewable and renewable resources are finite
 All
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resources should be used consciously
Resources should be used close to where they exist
 Existing
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buildings are a close resource
Non-renewable resources should be used carefully
 Architecture
is environmental consumption requiring
design and planning (Ahlava 2002, p. 17)
 Building new buildings is on the highest level of
consuming resources
The use of resources
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High quality energy (electricity)
Low quality energy (heat)
Use – reuse – recycling – wasting
Embodied energy and resources in buildings:
 “One
of the strongest reasons for upgrading and
continuing to use the vast inventory of existing buildings
is to exploit the value that results from the commitment
of the resources used to make these structures, the
embodied resources.” — Stein 2010, p. 99.
Energy facts
Quantity
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Maximum 10% of the
embodied energy in a
building can be restored
by demolishing and
recycling
50–100% of the
embodied energy in a
building can be restored
without demolishing
Quality
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Raising the level of
energy uses a lot of
energy (e.g. from fuel to
electricity)
Energy should be used
on the level where it
exists (e.g. sunlight
instead of electricity
made with burning fuel
for lighting)
Building stock facts (FIN)
The economic lifespan of buildings
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
1450
2300
2400
2500
2600
2550
1883
2183
1935
2135
1963–2013
1975–2015
2007–2047
2030
Empty and abandoned houses (FIN)
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Economic facts (FIN)
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Improvement in energy performance is cost effectively
feasible in major renovations
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Protected buildings are exempted
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Buildings that go through major renovations (21% total in 30
years) 5,3 billion € (2010)
Building conservation (2% in 30 years) ? €
Savings have to be found elsewhere
The rest of the building stock with minor or no renovations
(77% in 30 years) minor refurbishments 4,2 billion € (2010)
 To use and keep using is the best way to save
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Issues
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Health
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Safety
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Good inside climate (temperature, clean air)
No fungus or materials causing allergies
No draft
Fire protection
Protection from falling
Protection from noise
Quality
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Accessibility
Comfort (self control)
Energy efficiency
Modern times Vitruvius
Modern architecture conservation
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Firmitas
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Utilitas
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Building physics
Performance
Embodied energy
Usability (keeping in use)
Adaptive use
Accessibility
Venustas
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Aesthetic quality
Cultural sustainability
Preservation of modern architecture
Reduction potential of CO2 (SWE)
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To reduce the CO2 emissions further by reducing the
energy demand in general is thus most likely not the
most cost effective measure for society.
If the underlying purpose of reducing the energy
use is to limit CO2 emissions it is probably more cost
effective to set other targets than (end) use of
energy in buildings or at least not to push the
reduction as far as the present targets set by the
Swedish parliament. — Boverket.
Social policy (SWE)
Repair principles
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Constant management
Recommendations and the urgency order of repairs
has to be based on a proper condition study of the
building
A radical change in a façade is comparative to a
construction of a new building (not a repair thing)
Usability is a prime factor in decision making
Major renovation is usually avoidable
Design approaches & concepts
Usually all these are used in actual cases:
1.
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5.
Conservation-restoration
Architectural conservation
Architectural problem solving
Retrofitting and rebuilding
Demolition and recycling
The question is: how much of each?
1. Conservation-restoration
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The work of conservators [1] and architects [2]
Prolonging the life of structures, materials and surfaces by any
means (conservation)
Suitability of current use (or possible future uses) for the building
Addressing the tradition of use and consumption
Restoration of structures, materials and
surfaces
Fixing things if they are broken (not
otherwise)
Careful and controlled maintenance based
on good knowledge on the history (survey)
of the building
2. Architectural conservation
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The work of architects [1] and conservators [2]
The continuation of current or similar use
Respect to original (previous) architectural features
Understanding the functionality of the building
Measurement of physical features
Controlled retentive or restorative changes
Completely new functions or
additions are made with
contemporary technology and
architecture adapting to the
existing building
2. Architectural conservation
Inventory
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Needs
Values
Project plan
Sketches
Restoration
card phase I
Documentation
• Architectural
plans
• Worksite
documentation
• Restoration
card phase II
Restoration
report
• Maintenance
• Preparing for
future
reparations
• Restoration
card phase III
3. Architectural problem solving
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The work of architects [1] and engineers [2]
Adaptive reuse or refurbishment
Taking compass and solar directions into use in
designing additions to existing built areas (master and
detail planning)
Using vegetation and water areas as components of
ecological planning and design
The ecological footprint is made smaller by designing
very long lasting structures (200–300 years)
Sunlight and shadows used for natural heating, cooling
and ventilation purposes
3. Architectural problem solving
4. Retrofitting and rebuilding
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The work of engineers [1] and architects [2]
Reuse (vacating the building is usually necessary)
New or replaced mechanical systems (heating,
cooling, ventilation)
Rebuilt water supply and sewerage system
Replaced building parts (windows, doors, facades)
Improvement of energy performance with
mechanical systems and additional insulation
5. Demolition and recycling
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Partial demolition of a building (Kummatti in Raahe)
The demolition of a whole building
Reuse of building parts
Recycling of building parts
Recycling of materials
Wasting materials
Sustainable features in repairs
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Features to keep in repairs:
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Stack or natural ventilation
Making use of different room temperatures
Users being able to open windows
Humidity permeable wall structure (“breathing” envelope)
Oven heating (use of heat radiation)
Operation principles of original mechanical systems
Functionality without electricity
Features which can usually be improved in repairs:
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Usable lifespan can be substantially prolonged
Air tightness to some extent (patching air leaks)
Thermal transmittance can be reduced by making the mass dryer
Humidity transmittance improved by removing plastic layers
Operation efficiency of existing mechanical systems can be improved
Thermal mass and insulation
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Thermal mass inside insulation
The sun doesn’t heat the outside of the wall so much
 The heat in the inside air (heated by the sun through
windows) is absorbed by the wall (making inside air cooler)
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Thermal mass outside insulation
The outside wall absorbs heat at day time and emits heat in
the night time (keeping the cold out)
 The inside heating system (oven) doesn’t heat the wall but
the inside air (making it warmer with less energy)
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Wall with high thermal mass without insulation
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Works both ways
Sustainable works in case of crisis
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Mechanical systems fail
 Mechanical
ventilation stops
 Electrical lighting and equipment are shut down
 Water pumps seize to work (no central heating)
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Natural systems and renewable sources take over
 Natural
ventilation
 Use of fuel (wood) heated ovens and pots
 Use of direct sunlight for heating and lighting
 Sun panels and wind generators create energy for
necessities
Different moderns
Modern programmatic architecture
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Structures and forms
based on functions
The building is a
machine made for its
use
The design is based on
a program
Modern style architecture
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Structures and forms
made in modern style
Functionality made
with mechanical and
electrical systems
The design is based on
standardization
Approaches to different moderns
Modern programmatic architecture
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Conservation-restoration
and good management
for the existing building
Architectural
conservation for
improvements in
sustainability (same use)
Architectural problem
solving in adaptive
reuse cases
Modern style architecture
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Architectural problem
solving through a new
program introducing
new functionality
Refurbishment by using
sustainable technology,
with less or no
mechanical systems
Retrofitting as an
alternative to demolition
Modernism and sustainability
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Ahlava, Antti. Architecture in consumer society. Helsinki: University Art and
Design Helsinki, 2002.
Club of Rome. The Limits to Growth. Report, 1972.
Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne. CIAM-grid, 1928–1947.
Fuller, R. Buckminster. Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. New York:
Dutton, 1963.
Hitchcock, Henry Russell and Johnson, Philip. The International Style. 1932.
Reprint ed. New York, London: W.W. Norton, 1995.
Le Corbusier. Vers Une Architecture. Paris: G. Cres, 1923.
Stein, Carl. Energy Conscious Architecture. Washington, DC: National Council
of Architectural Registration Boards, 1993.
Stein, Carl. Greening Modernism. Preservation, Sustainability, and the
Modern Movement, 2010.
U.S. National Technical Information Service. The Handbook of Energy Use
for Building Construction. (Embodied energy), 1981.