Transcript Tuesday 21st April – Circle, square, triangle, ellipse

Graphics Revision - 2009
Equipment – scissors, craft knives, circle cutters, safety rules, cutting boards, try square, rule, compass, stapler, eyelet punch, hole punch, drawing board, parallel motion bar,
30/60 set square, 45 set square, protractor, circle template, coloured pencils, marker pens, digital camera.
Drawing techniques:

Orthographic drawing – layout, dimensioning, symbol, hidden detail

Sectional views

Assembly drawings – draw assembled views which show location of a number of parts, include a parts list

Planometric

Exploded

Scale
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Isometric and isometric circles

One and two point perspective

Shapes – triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, octagons, ellipse

Development nets – cubes, pyramids, prisms, cylinders, cones, fold lines, glue tabs, slot in tabs

Enhance drawings using highlights, shading, lines, dots, reflection

Show texture – concrete, metal(matt and chrome) glass, wood, plastics(textured and shiny)

Thick thin line technique
Printing Methods – photocopying, screen printing, letterpress, block gravure, lithography.
Materials – layout paper, bleedproof paper, tracing paper, coloured paper, square grid paper, isometric grid paper, cardboard, corrugated card, foamboard, acetate, polystyrene,
corriflute, self adhesive vinyl, rigid foam, balsa wood,
Rigid foam – can be easily cut and shaped, PVA is suitable for joining it, water based paints can be used, some paints and adhesives will dissolve it.
Smart materials
Adhesives – PVA, spray, glue gun, solvent cement, epoxy resin, glue sticks, tape, double sided tape, velcro, sticky pads, fasteners, staples
Surface finishes – varnish, lacquer, laminating
Pre manufactured components – self adhesive labels, sticky letters/shapes, pins, paper fasteners and clips, eyelets
~ How vacuum forming is used to shape thin sheet plastic
~ How strip heater is used to shape thin plastic
~ Jigs and formers

Pictograms – common signs/symbols used on packaging

Be able to use tables, line graphs, pie charts, bar charts and pictograms

Text – size, style, colour, justification
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Desk top publishing
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Colour wheel
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Paper sizes from A5 – A2
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Quality control and quality assurance techniques
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Batch production – jigs, templates and stencils

Pop up cards – v folds, multiple layers, parallelogram action
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Health and safety

Ergonomics and anthropometrics
Commercial production methods – job production, batch, repetitive flow, continual flow
Commercial manufacturing systems – in line assembly, just in time, cell production
CAD and CAM – understand what they are and how they can be used in industry and how they are used to make single items
Systems have an Input, Process and Output.
Types of motion – linear, reciprocating, rotary, oscillating
Mechanical systems – e.g. pop up cards. How to turn motion through a right angle, reverse the direction of motion, change rotary motion into reciprocating motion,
change linear motion into rotary motion.
Electronic systems – flashing lights. Simple circuits and components
Exam Dates
Exam 1 – Friday 11th June PM
Exam 2 – Wednesday 23rd June PM
– Circle, square,
triangle, ellipse, polygon
Thursday 11th March
Drawing square, rectangle, circles, triangles. Drawing horizontal and vertical
ellipses. Two methods for drawing octagon and hexagon.
EXT - Advanced polygon worksheet to revise
Candidates should be able to recognise, name and
draw basic shapes. Triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons,
hexagons, octagons, ellipses.
TASKS
1.
2.
3.
Draw square 50mm x 50mm
Draw rectangle 50mm x 100mm
2 methods to find the centre of a circle – diagonal
lines, measuring
4. 2 methods for drawing and equilateral triangle
5. Draw circle – radius 30mm, diameter 90mm
6. Draw a horizontal ellipse, circle diameters 60mm and
120mm
7. Draw a vertical ellipse, circle diameters 80mm and
150mm
8. Octagons and hexagons
Extension – have a go at the polygon worksheet RP
– Isometric drawing
and isometric circle
Friday 12th March
Draw a square and a rectangle in isometric. Practise both methods for drawing
circles in isometric – book page 49 and segment method.
Isometric – 3D drawings to show 3 faces of an object.
Vertical lines stay vertical, side lines are at 30degrees.
Isometric circles are created using the segment or
compass method.
EXT – practice exam papers
Candidates should be able to read, interpret and produce, using recommended
scales, the following range of drawing systems. Both freehand and instrument
techniques should be used. Isometric to include isometric views of circles and
the use of isometric grids
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
Side lines = 30 degrees
Vertical lines stay the same
Circles in isometric are drawn differently
http://www.technologystudent.com/despro_flsh/isomty2.html
BASIC SHAPES
ISOMETRIC CIRCLES
• METHOD 1 – compass technique.
(textbook page 49)
• METHOD 2 – segment method worksheet
ISOMETRIC CYLINDERS
ISOMETRIC GRID PAPER
TASKS
1. Draw an isometric cube, dimension 50mm
2. Draw an isometric cuboid, dimensions 80mm
width, 40mm depth and 125mm height
3. On your isometric cube draw a circle using the
compass method (textbook page 49) on the
front 2 faces.
4. On the worksheet use the segment method to
create an isometric circle on all the faces of the
cube.
Extension – have a go at using the isometric grid
paper in RP
– Orthographic
drawing including scale and
dimensioning
Tuesday 16th March
Review scale page 59 of textbook
Dimensioning on page 60 and 61.
Third angle orthographic on page 62 of textbook
http://www.technologystudent.com/gprep07/phortho4.html example of drawing a mobile phone in orthographic.
Page in revision pack on working drawings.
•
Orthographic – 2D technical drawings that show usually 3 views of a 3D object, front view,
end view and plan view. Plan view is always positioned above the front view, front and end
views are always viewed from ground level. End view is positioned to the right of the front
view (what we see on the right we draw on the right) Show dimensions. Can show hidden
detail with dashed lines.
Practice drawing wooden cubes/other objects in orthographic. Add dimensions, scale, types of lines etc.
EXT – practice exam papers
Candidates should be able to read, interpret and produce, using recommended scales, the following range of
drawing systems. Both freehand and instrument techniques should be used. Orthographic third angle to
include layout, dimensioning, use of symbol and hidden detail.
ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
•Combines a number of 2D drawings to give you details about a 3D object
•The three most common views used in this drawing technique are the plan,
front and end view
•Plan view is always positioned above the front view, front and end views are
always viewed from ground level. End view is positioned to the right of the
front view (what we see on the right we draw on the right)
•The drawings of all the different views must be in line with each other. Feint
construction lines are projected from one view to another to ensure they are
the correct size and in the correct place
•A special symbol is used to show an orthographic drawing
•It may be helpful to draw an orthographic drawing on squared paper
•Hidden lines are drawn as dashed lines
http://www.technologystudent.com/despro_flsh/clock1.html
SCALE
• ENLARGEMENT SCALES
2:1 5:1 10:1 20:1
• REDUCTION SCALES
1:2 1:5 1:10 1:20 1:50 1:100
DIMENSIONS
• Measurements need to be added to
working drawings
• Measurements should always be in mm
• Limit lines should be drawn out from the
object and then the dimension written
above this
• Measurements should be read from the
bottom right hand corner of the drawing
• Only include the dimensions needed
What are the two missing dimensions?
Do they need to be included?
20
10
20
5
10
50
CIRCLES
R
DIMENSIONS
• There is no need to write mm on each measurement
• If the measurement is less than 10mm you draw the
arrowheads differently
TASKS
• Page 57 – produce an orthographic drawing of
the church with a spire, scale 2:1, include all
dimensions
• Produce an orthographic drawing of one of the
wooden cubes. Think about the scale of your
drawing. Add all dimensions
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Scale pages 58 and 59
Dimensions pages 60 and 61
Orthographic drawing pages 62, 64 and 65
Make sure you know the symbol
Thursday 18th March – plastics, strip heater, vacuum
former, commercial production methods and
commercial manufacturing systems.
Go over PowerPoint presentation on plastics manufacturing and materials, students to make
notes. Worksheet on commercial production methods and manufacturing techniques.
Copy of PowerPoint slides in revision pack and the CPM and CMT points.
EXT – practice exam papers
Know that thermoplastic sheet is suitable for line bending and vacuum forming.
Know about polystyrene, corriflute, acetate, self adhesive vinyl
Know that rigid foam can be easily cut and shaped. PVA is suitable for joining it together.
Water based paints are suitable for painting rigid foam but some adhesives and paints will
dissolve the foam.
Know that foamboard is constructed from polystytrene foam laminated between card, these
are combined to give a strong, leightweight material which can be easily cut.
Candidates should be able to understand the following production methods job production,
batch production, repetitive flow and continual flow process.
Candidates should be able to understand the following commercial manufacturing systems
cell production, in line assembly and just in time.
• THERMOPLASTIC – this type of plastic can be heated up and
shaped over and over again
• THERMOSETTING PLASTIC – this type of plastic can only be
heated up and shaped once.
• CORRIFLUTE - like corrugated card but plastic. Strong, lightweight,
good for packaging, A3 folders
• FOAMBOARD – a layer of foam in between two thin layers of card.
Strong, lightweight, used for modelling, art work etc.
• RIGID FOAM – used for modelling, Styrofoam. This is a light-weight
dense foam. It is easy to shape with saws, files and abrasive paper
and is ideal as a model making material. Can be joined using PVA
glue and painted using water based paints. Some paints and glues
will dissolve the material.
• ACETATE – thin transparent plastic, used on overhead projectors
• POLYSTYRENE – high impact polystyrene used for vacuum
forming. Available in different thicknesses and colours. Variety of
uses, packaging etc.
• SELF ADHESIVE VINYL – thin sticky back plastic used for
stickers/labels
THE STRIP HEATER
STAGE 1 – the required fold line is
marked onto the plastic
STAGE 2 - The plastic
is placed across the
rests, above the
heating element The
strip heater is turned
on and the plastic is
turned over every 30
seconds - one minute.
This stops the heat
rising from the
element damaging the
surface of the plastic.
STAGE 3 - When the plastic becomes
flexible it is placed in a ‘jig’. The jig is made
to the correct angle, 90 degrees in this
case. A square section block is then
pressed against the plastic to hold it in
position as it cools.
QUESTIONS
1. Describe the stages involved in the use of
the strip heater
2. Explain the safety rules that are
necessary for this piece of equipment
THE VACUUM FORMER - used to form/shape thin plastic, usually
plastics such as; polythene and perspex
1. First, a former is made from a material such as a soft
wood. The edges or sides are shaped at an angle so that
when the plastic is formed over it, the former can be
removed easily.
The plastic sheet is removed from the
vacuum former. The sheet has the
shape of the former pressed into its
surface.
The excess plastic is trimmed so
that only the plastic bowl remains
- the completed item.
QUESTIONS
1. Describe how vacuum forming is used to
produce unusual shapes.
2. Name the plastics that can be used for
this technique.
3. Why do the sides of the mold have to be
angled and very smooth?
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Commercial production methods
1. Job production – example ……………………………..
2. Batch – example………………………………..
3. Repetitive flow – example ………………………………
4. Continual flow – example ……………………………
•
A. This involves producing large numbers of identical products for a relatively low
cost. The production is usually broken down into smaller sub sections. This method
can be labour intensive or a fully automated process depending on the product being
produced.
B. This involves producing just one item. Every item produced is different and it is
very labour intensive
C. This is uninterrupted, 24 hours a day production of a basic commodity. This type of
production continues because it is expensive to shut down and then re start. Only a
small workforce is needed to maintain the process
D. This involves the production of a specified quantity of a product. Batches can be
repeated as many times as required.
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Commercial manufacturing systems
1. In line assembly
2. Just in time
•
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A. A number of work stations grouped to produce a single component
B. Materials and components arrive from other factories when they are needed.
Finished products are dispatched immediately. This system reduces any storage of
stock and allows for changes to the product to be made quickly and easily.
C. This is used to mass produce many everyday items such as cars. Many of these
are fully automated and require few people to mange it.
•
3. Cell production
TASKS
1. Look at examples of each plastic, discuss and
make notes on the properties
2. Go through and answer questions on vacuum
forming and strip heater (more information
page 44 of textbook)
3. Correctly match up the commercial production
methods and the commercial manufacturing
systems
4. Extra information about plastics and properties
pages 118-121. Read, make notes and answer
questions.
Friday 19th March –
planometric,
exploded and perspective drawing
Go over key points of these 3 drawing techniques.
Planometric – pages 50 and 50
Exploded – pages 52 and 53
Perspective – pages 46 and 47
Produce a page split into 6 equal boxes. Write notes in each box and
draw a sketch to illustrate the key points of each drawing technique.
Candidates should be able to read, interpret and produce, using recommended
scales, the following range of drawing systems. Both freehand and
instrument techniques should be used.
Planometric to include exploded views and views of circles.
Perspective to include one and two point estimated perspective.
•
Planometric- good technique to show 3dimensional view of a building or a
room interior. Plan is drawn first and rotated through 90degrees. Vertical
lines are drawn to the required height. If vertical lines appear distorted
reduce vertical height by 2/3. circles are constructed normally.
•
Exploded – shows how a product is assembled. Usually drawn as exploded
isometric, perspective or planometric. Parts need to be close enough
together to be able to visualise how they go together.
•
One point perspective – the closer an object is to us the larger it will
appear to be. One vanishing point. All vertical lines stay vertical, side lines
go to one vanishing point.
•
Two point perspective – the closer an object is to us the larger it will
appear to be. Two vanishing points. All vertical lines stay vertical, sides lines
go to either of the 2 vanishing points.
•
Isometric – 3D drawings to show 3 faces of an object. Vertical lines stay
vertical, side lines are at 30degrees. Isometric circles are created using the
segment or compass method.
•
Orthographic – 2D technical drawings that show usually 3 views of a 3D
object, front view, end view and plan view. Plan view is always positioned
above the front view, front and end views are always viewed from ground
level. End view is positioned to the right of the front view (what we see on
the right we draw on the right) Show dimensions. Can show hidden detail
with dashed lines.
EXPLODED or ASSEMBLY
DRAWINGS
•Exploded views can be drawn using any drawing technique but it is more
common to use isometric
•It shows how the separate parts of an object fit together
•In exploded drawings it is important that the separate parts line up
•You need to plan your drawing carefully leaving just the right amount of space
between the parts
http://www.technologystudent.com/despro2/pen2.html
Interior of a room = one point perspective
•Exterior of a building = two point perspective
TASKS
1. Split an A3 page up into 6 boxes. Draw a
cube in each box for the 6 different
drawing methods.
2. Use the textbook pages to make notes
on the techniques.
3. Choose and have a go at some practice
exam questions based on drawing
techniques.
Tuesday 23rd March –
CAD, CAM,
ergonomics and anthropometrics
Show powerpoint presentation on CAD, CAM and ICT used in graphics.
Students to make notes from slides. Using the textbook reference answer
the specified questions.
Show the powerpoint on Ergonomics and Anthropometrics.
Understand how CAD and CAM are used in industrial manufacturing.
Recongnise that computer systems can control machines and equipment.
Understand how CAD and CAM are used to manufacture single items and
small batches.
Understand what ergonomics and anthropometrics are.
CAD and CAM
and ICT in Graphics
CAD- Computer Aided Design
Means using computer drawing and
modelling programmes to design
products instead of using paper and
pencils
Computer Aided Manufacture
CAMMeans the process of
manufacturing products with the
help of computers.
Advantages of
CAD
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Saved and modified easily
Quick to produce drawings both 2D and
3D
Reduced or enlarged
Common components pre drawn available
High quality
Accurate
Linked to CAM
Disadvantages
of CAD
•
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Expensive
Detailed programs need to be learnt
Risk of crashing or losing work
Examples of CAD ~ Techsoft 2D Design, Pro Desktop
Advantages
or CAM
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Production is quicker and efficient
Machines do not need to rest like people do
Accurate
Machines can be run continuously
Quick repetition
Disadvantages
of CAM
•
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•
Expensive
Machine replaces peoples jobs
Smaller amount of staff need to
be highly trained to run machines
Examples of CAM ~ Denford microrouter, Vinyl cutter
ICT
• Word processing packages – Microsoft
word
• Spreadsheets - excel
• DTP – desktop publishing – publisher,
photoshop
• Graphic packages – paint, CAD – techsoft
• The internet
Graphics input devices
• Barcodes – printed on packaging, read by
an optical scanner
• Keyboard – concept keyboard
• Graphics tablet – a flat pad on which you
use a special pen to draw an accurate
image on the screen
• Scanner – transfer images onto the
computer
• Digital camera – read by a computer
Graphics output devices
• Ink jet printer – cheap to buy, low quality
and speed
• Laser printer – more expensive therefore
better quality
• Plotters – accurate and good quality, used
in conjunction with CAD and CAM
TASKS
• Read page 88 and 89 on CAD. Make
notes and answer questions 1 and 2.
• Read page 92 and 93 on CAM. Make
notes and answer questions 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Ergonomics and
Anthropometrics
Anthropometrics
‘the study of human physical
dimensions’
‘anthrops means men and metrics
means measurements’
For many products complex data is required
about any number of critical dimensions
relating to the human form, such as height,
weight, width, length of reach.
Ergonomics
‘the science of designing products for
human use. Ergonomics uses and
applies anthropometric data to ensure
that products and environments are
straightforward, safe and comfortable
to use’
‘concerns the interaction between the
human body and products, systems or
environments’
Anthropometrics
For example the design of a personal stereo would
look at data concerning hand sizes.
Data
No average person
If you design a product suitable for use
between the 5th and 95th percentile then it
will not be suitable for 10% of people.
Anthropometric data are only specific to the
populations which they describe
Ergonomics
The layout of a kitchen to make it more efficient.
The interior of a car to ensure comfort to the user.
Good
aesthetics can
mask bad
design!
The problem is
that it is
difficult to tell
which control
goes with
which burner.
The solution is to arrange
the controls in the same
configuration as the
burners. It is quite easy to
tell which burner goes with
which control. Why do you
think all stove tops layouts
aren't designed like this
one?
TASKS
1. Read pages 16 and 17
2. Practice exam questions
Thursday 25th March
– paper and card,
sizes, texture
and enhancement techniques
Have a knowledge of paper sizes for A5-A2. be able to identify which kind of paper is suitable for
a particular situation – layout paper, cartridge paper, bleedproof paper, tracing paper,
coloured paper, square grid and isometric grid paper.
Understand the relationship between the thickness of the following cards and boards and
appropriate construction techniques for flat card and board, corrugated board.
In pairs try matching up the name of the material with the description. Go over answers on
PowerPoint slide.
Paper sizes page 116. using a piece of A3 paper mark out the sizes for A4, and A5. record the
sizes for A3 and A2.
Candidates should be able to suggest form and material using the following range of
enhancement techniques.
Tone – apply an understanding of light, shade and shadow to enhance form and mass in pictorial
drawing. To include the use of highlights, shading, lines, dots, reflections.
Thick and thin line technique – to enhance pictorial drawings to create impact to make objects
appear more solid.
Texture – use textural illustration to illustrate wood, plastics matt and shiny, glass, metal matt and
chrome and concrete.
Read pages 74 – 77 and make appropriate notes. Try out the techniques.
Tracing
Paper
Transparent, hard and strong. Its translucency makes it suitable for tracing fine details drawn with fine
lines. Used for working drawings.
Corrugated
Card
Two or more layers of card with a fluted inner section to add strength with very little increase in weight.
Used for packaging objects which need protection during transportation.
Isometric
Paper
A ready printed sheet with lines already set at 30º, 60º and 90º lines. Used for isometric projections.
Grid Paper
A ready printed sheet with lines vertically and hotizontally to help draw working drawings. The grids are
measued in millimetres. Used for orthographic projections.
Cardboard
This is a cheap, recyclable stiff board with a good surface to print onto. Used for packaging, boxes and
cartons.
Ink Jet Card
This type of card is treated so that it can be passed through ink jet printers. Used to achieve high quality
print finishes.
Sugar Paper
Coloured paper which has contrasting colours for use in tonal drawings. Different weights and textures
available for different activities. Used for display work, fades in sunlight.
Layout Paper
A thin, fairly transpaprent white paper which provides a cheap medium for designers to use for visualising
a project or design. Used in preparation of final ideas.
Cartridge /
Photocopy
Paper
Good quality surface for pencils, pens and markers. The soft surface can also be used for crayons, pastels,
inks and watercolours. Used for design drawings, sketching.
foam board
a layer of lightweight thin foam that is sandwhiched between two layers of card. It is an excellent
modelling material as it is strong, lightweight, has a smooth surface finish and can be cut easily with
a knife,
balsa wood
comes in either sheet or block form. It is lightweight and soft so can be cut easily with a sharp knife. It
is suitable for making mock ups and prototypes.
styrofoam
a suitable material for 3D modelling. It can be cut, shaped, formed, painted and sections glued together
polystrene
sheet
ideal for vacuum forming and line bending. Sheets available in wide variety of colours and thicknesses. It
is strong and lightweight
corriflute
corrugated flutes are sandwhiched between two thin sheets of plastic. It is lightweight, strong and
available in a variety of colours. It is easy to cut and is an ideal modelling material.
Bleed Proof
Paper
Has similar qualities to cartridge paper but specifically good at isolating water based paints and pens so
they don't run into areas where you don't want them. Used in high quality presentations
White Board
This is a strng medium whose surface has been bleached to provide an excellent surface for printing. Used
for good quality packaging and book covers
Duplex Board
This provides a less expensive alternative to white board and also a different texture for printing. Used
mainly in food packaging since recycled material acnnot be used for this purpose.
PAPER SIZES
A2 = 420mm x 594mm
A3 = 297mm x 420mm
A4 = 210mm x 297mm
A5 = 148mm x 210mm
Standard photocopying paper is 80 gsm
(grams per square metre)
Card and Cardboard
Card = thinner material (greetings cards)
Cardboard = thicker material (to mount
prints)
Thickness is usually measured in microns
(1000 microns = 1mm)
Card 200 – 1000 microns
Cardboard is over 1000 microns
Thick and thin line technique
Imagine there is a spider on one of the
surfaces of the 3D object. If he crawls onto
another surface and you can still see him
then that line should be thin. If he crawls
onto the next surface and you can’t see him
then that line should be thick.
All external lines = THICK
Used for an edge where only one
surface can be seen
Most internal lines (but not always) = THIN
Used for an edge where both surfaces can
be seen
By applying different TONES
to a drawing you can make
the object look more three
dimensional
Using SHADING,
LINES AND DOTS the
closer you draw the
lines or dots together of
the harder you pres the
darker the TONE is
Curved surfaces, the amount of light
reflected gets less as the surface turns
away from the light source and therefore
the tone you use needs to be darker. A
HIGHLIGHT should be used, a white area,
that is closest to the light source
You can use SHADOWS on
drawings to increase the
feeling of depth and to
suggest the object is resting
on a surface. A shadow will
be an elongated shape of
the object, it will be on the
side furthest away from the
light source and will be
darker than the darkest tone
on the object.
TONE = the various shades that can be
produced from one different colour
SHADING = a technique used to show how
light falls on an object
HIGHLIGHT = a bright area where light is
reflected from the edge or surface of an
object
SHADOW = a dark area formed when an
object is in the way of rays of light
WOOD – drawing curved lines on the end to
represent growth rings and straight lines on
the sides to represent the grain. Use a
combination of brown, yellow and orange
MATT METAL - a series of
straight lines can create a hard
effect, altering the distance
between the lines gives lighter
and darker tones.
CHROME METAL –
reflections appear as
high contrast areas of
dark and light
TEXTURED PLASTIC –
represented by drawing
small, irregular shapes
over the required area.
CONCRETE –
represented by a
series of dots and
small irregular
shapes
SHINY PLASTIC – draw a
number of short parallel
lines across the surface or
shade the surface evenly
and rub out wavy lines
GLASS AND CLEAR
PLASTIC – shade the
suface using a light blue
pencil and then rub out
areas to suggest
reflections. Feint broken
lines can be used to show
details that can be seen
through the glass or plastic.
RENDERING
TASKS
1. In pairs try matching up the name of the
material with the description. Go over
answers on PowerPoint slide.
2. Paper sizes page 116. using a piece of A3
paper mark out the sizes for A4, and A5.
record the sizes for A3 and A2.
3. Read pages 74 – 77. Have a go at some
of the enhancement techniques on the
worksheet provided.
Friday 26th March –
Development nets
Development nets – cubes, prism, cylinders, pyramids and cones. To include
correct representation for fold lines, glue tabs and slot in tabs.
Go through PowerPoint slides, make appropriate notes on your hand out.
Pages 80 – 83 – make appropriate notes
Practice exam questions
Cut lines
Fold lines
Glue tabs
Different nets to produce a cube
Slot and tab fixings allow
part or all of a product to
be assembled and
disassembled without
causing damage to the
product.
Products joined together with slot and
tab fixings – can be sent flat packed,
less costly for manufacturer to
produce, no assembly costs, easier
and cheaper to transport and store
because they take up less space and
are less likely to be damaged.
TASKS
Read pages 80 – 83
Answer question 1 on page 83
Look at information in RP about nets
Have a go at drawing the net for one of
these pieces of packaging
5. Find exam questions to
practice about development
nets
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tuesday 30th March
– exam theme
SAFETY SIGNS AND BARRICADE TAPES
• Materials and production methods
• Joining and fixing methods of floor signs
• Stability of floor signs
• Mandatory symbols and colours of safety signs
• Environmental implications such as
biodegradable materials
• Packaging of barricade tapes
Thursday 1st April –
printing methods
and smart materials
Show examples and information on PowerPoint about printing methods and
smart materials. Students to make notes.
Understand the basic principles of commercial printing. Letterpress, block
gravure, lithography.
Know that some smart materials respond to changes in temperature, light or
applied voltage.
Printing Processes
•Cost
•Quality
•Quantity
The black strips seen in the animation opposite represent individual
letters arranged in a line, forming a sentence. Ink is first applied to the
letters with a roller and the paper is then placed between the top and
bottom parts of the press. The top part of the press is then pushed down
onto the paper and the ink is transferred from the letters. When the paper
is removed the printing can clearly be seen. This process can be repeated
continually producing large numbers of printed papers.
LETTERPRESS
In simple terms the letter or shape to be printed stands
above the surface. Ink or paint is then rolled across the
shape/letter and paper is then pressed down onto it. When
the paper is lifted up the ink/paint has been transferred to
the paper. This process can be repeated any number of
times.
BLOCK PRINTING
• Letterpress ~ expensive as individual
letters have to be made, high quality paper
is used. Used for short runs of high quality
stationery.
• Blockprinting
• Gravure ~ high quality prints in large volumes,
expensive. Used for high quality reproduction of
photos, paintings and full colour magazines.
• Images are etched onto a plate through a
screen, image is broken into dots. Ink fills the
dots. Rubber covered cylinders press the paper
into the dots creating a printed image.
Gravure
Screen Printing
1. The material to be printed on is placed on top of the
base. In the example, paper is being used.
2. A template made from card with the required shape cut
out of it is placed on top of the paper.
3. A screen is placed on top of the template. The screen is
made of stretched nylon fabric and has a wood frame to
hold it in place.
4. Ink is then squeezed onto the nylon fabric.
5. A blade is used to spread the ink out and push it through
the fabric, through the template, and onto the paper.
6. The paper is taken out of the screen printing equipment
and the printed pattern can clearly be seen.
Used to print designs onto T-shirts, banners, signs,
shopping bags, posters and packaging. Simple
stencils can be made to produce relatively cheap
prints fast. More sophisticated commercial screen
printing can produce thousands of copies per hour at
a good quality.
• Lithography
• The process has a printing plate, with the image
in relief which is free to rotate. Ink is applied to
the printing plate which is dampened. This
repels ink of any non image areas. The printing
plate then transfers an inked image onto the
rubber blanket cylinder which in turn presses the
image onto the paper as it is fed through.
• Areas to be printed on attract the ink (grease)
and areas not to be printed on attract water.
Lithography
• High speed and cheap, most common
used method.
• Print in full colour. 4 colour process called
CYMK process (yellow, cyan, magenta,
black.)
Dry Printing
• Photocopiers
• Laser Printers
Smart Materials
Definition – they sense conditions in their
environment and respond to these
conditions. They appear to think and have
a memory as they will revert back to their
original state time and time again.
Know that some smart materials respond to
changes in temperature, light or applied
voltage.
Thermochromic colours
• Change colour in
response to a
temperature change.
Colour disappears
above 27degress and
reappears below that.
• Photochromic inks – colours change in
response to a change in the level of light
(t shirt) see example
Smart wire – changes
length or shape in
response to a
temperature change
There are many out there…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Liquid crystal displays
Polymorph
Electroluminescent panels
Smart grease
Thermochromic inks
Photochromic inks
Smart wire
TASKS
1. Make notes about printing methods, see
information in revision packs
2. Make notes and see demonstrations
about smart materials.
3. Use the internet to do further research
about other smart materials and to find
out more information about commercial
printing methods.