Transcript Document

The 20’s & 30’s
• The Roaring Twenties
• The Red Scare
• Europe & America afraid of socialism
• challenged their way of life
• End to capitalism
• End to monarchies
• Known socialists were evicted
• Prohibition
• America was deemed too decadent
• Many unwanted pregnancies & Abortions
• Led to invention of the Condom
• Alcoholism skyrocketed after WWI
• Organized Crime began bootlegging -became viable enemy
• Woman’s Suffrage
• Women finally allowed to vote in 1920
• Equality measures taken
The 20’s & 30’s
• The Roaring Twenties
• Revolution Once Again
• Mexico declares independence
• Pancho Villa led the resistance
• assassinated in 1924
• Spanish Civil War
• Final shred of Hapsburgs evicted from Europe
• General Francisco Franco takes control
• India Uprising against Britain
• Turkey declares its independence
• Racial Tensions in the South
• Rosewood, Fl
• Ku Klux Klan membership at all time high
• Economic Tensions
• Advent of Labor Laws to protect workers
• Coal strikes in Europe & America
The 20’s & 30’s
• Science of the Times
• Greater Understanding of the Atom
• Neils Bohr determined path of the electron
• Francis William Aston found atomic isotopes
• Milliken finds cosmic rays in space
• Vavilov determines gene centers in human cells
• Greater Understanding of medicine
• vaccines for tuberculosis
• advent of birth control
• Culture of the Times
• Greater Understanding of People
• Charlie Birdseye develops frozen food
• The mass production of the automobile
• Baseball & Football gain national attention
The 20’s & 30’s
• Communication Increases
• The radio goes into mass production
• Most households had radios & telephones
• People could communicate more freely
• News could be disseminated more freely
• World becomes smaller / ideas & culture are passed
• The invention of the Television
• German Scientist Theorized it could be done in the 1880’s
• 1906 – Lee De Forrest patented the triode vacuum tube
• In 1920 the tube became advanced enough to show images
• Ernst Alexanderson displayed the first home television in 1928 – sold
patent to General Electric
• The first television broadcast occurs in England in 1936
• First American Television Broadcast in 1939
• The ability to pass information on visually
• TV suspended during WWII
The 20’s & 30’s
• The Roaring Twenties
• The Movie Age
• Silent Films
• Charlie Chaplin – the comedy
• Mary Pickford – the diva
• Douglas Fairbanks – The swashbuckler
• Flash Gordon – The Future
• Cecil Be DeMille – The Director / Producer
• Rin Tin Tin – The first famous animal
• German Avante Garde – Nosferatu (1st vampire movie)
• Japanese Avante Garde – Yoru (the night)
• Ideas & Fantasy passed to the public
• The birth of the Movie House
• Appealed to all classes
• Lee Deforest invented film that could hold sound & Color
• Wizard of Oz – one of the first & most influential
Art Deco
• Ellis & Clarke
• Daily Express (1931)
One of the First Art Deco spaces in England,
this building lobby is a series of decorative
panels of black Glass, Chrome and Mirrors.
The Art Deco style took from the Art Nouveau &
Ornament from the 19th Century. The ornament
was now of modern materials. The advent of
electrical light as well played into it. The shiny
machined surfaces reflected light and created
the illusion of depth.
Daily Express Building – lobby
Art Deco
• Michael Roux-Spitz
• Salon des Artistes Decorateurs
(1928)
In Paris in the Late 1920’s there was a series of
exhibitions of the Art Deco style. This one
exhibit highlights new furniture & patterns. The
Dressing table takes on a series of steps that
build up to the front. The finish on the
dressing table is polished to almost a mirrored
quality. The screen wall displays African
patterns. This same pattern is seen in the
carpet.
The Art Deco Movement highlight not only the
new materials of the time but also color &
Sheen. It was supposed to be opulent & bold.
Its aggressive patterns mimicked that of the
Jazz of the time. The two go hand in hand
Salon – Exhibit
Art Deco
• Roger Expert & Richard Bouwens
• SS Normandie (1935)
Art Deco invaded the high seas. As
luxury liners became the most
popular mode of continental travel,
the need to be extravagant
increased. Art Deco forms such as
the Urns & tower light fixtures
brought a level of whimsy. The
furniture was deeply cushioned on
metal frames. The walls were of
variegated marbles displaying rich
vein patterns. The color schemes
were deep colors accented with
either Silver or Gold Metal tones.
SS Normandie – Dining Room
Art Deco
• Donald Deskey
• Radio City Music Hall (1932)
Art Deco in America found its
capital in New York. Rockefeller
Center was the largest Art Deco
development of the time. Radio
City Music Hall was the centerpiece
of the development. The theater is
a series of Shells that form a
Proscenium arch. The Shells are
accented with cove lights to add to
the visual texture. The furniture
designed by Deskey combined
aluminum & Bakelite.
Radio City Music Hall – Theater
Art Deco
• Raymond Hood, Reinhard & Hofmeister
• Rockefeller Center (1935)
This huge development was
highlighted by the International
building. The lobby mixed marble
with metal, bold colors with electric
light. There was a lot of pedestrian
traffic through the lobby since the
building housed studios for radio
shows of the time. The lobby was
treated with bold colors. The Blues
were thought to represent
electricity, Black & Chrome were
supposed to represent new
technology.
International Building - Lobby
Art Deco
• Raymond Loewy (1893-1986)
• Design Exhibition New York 1934
Loewy as seen here created the Art
Deco office for this design
exhibition. The office comprised of
Modern & Art Deco furniture
highlight curved forms & Shiny
materials. Loewy was very
influential in America. He not only
designed furniture but also
automobiles.
Mock up office
Art Deco
• Russell Wright
• Tableware circa 1939
The tableware seen here became all
the rage. The bright colors and
fluid lines was very successful in
terms of popularity. Items such as
these available to everyone, helped
bring modern design to the public
with a high level of acceptance.
Household tableware
European Modernism – 1930s
• Giuseppe Terragni
• Casa del Popolo 1938
Terragni was able to produce modern architecture
during the Fascist Period in Italy. This building was
meant to house political meetings. The concrete
structure was in the Rationalist style. The style dictates
strict geometries used in strict repetition. This is to
create ideal proportion.
Casa del Popolo - exterior
Casa del Popolo - interior
European Modernism – 1930s
• Willem Dudok
• Town Hall 1924-30
Dudok created this modern town hall in a the small
Dutch town of Hilversum. It’s rigid lines & strict
geometries create a strong presence on the
countryside.
The Council Chamber has a dignified presence
created by the modern materials. The use of rich
materials & vivid colors create a warm space
prominent space.
Town Hall - Council Chamber
Town Hall - exterior
European Modernism – 1930s
• Marcel Breuer
Breuer upon the closing of the Bauhaus
fled to England. He became not only a
successful architect but also an
industrial designer.
Here we see the furniture he developed
for mass production for the Isokon.
Both Breuer & Alvar Aalto were the
forerunners of bentwood furniture.
Plywood Long Chair
Finland
• Finland
• Sweden controlled the country from the 12th-19th Century
• Russia took control in 1809
• Gained its Independence from Russia in 1917
• Became a republic
• Finally after nearly a millennium was free
• Early 20th Century brought Industrialization
• Previously was an agrarian society
• Nature still dominated its culture
• Rise of the Nazis & Communists
• Both sides hated each other
• Finland was in the middle
• Had to fend off invasion
• Finland Remained peaceful
• Country continued to Industrialize
• Cities began to develop
European Modernism – 1930s
• Alvar Aalto (1898 – 1976)
• Turun Sanomat - 1927
Sanomat - Exterior
Aalto designed this industrial building
to house a newspaper and its printing
facility in the city of Turku. The
Concrete structure is influenced by the
Art Deco style. This is evident in the
column forms. The ceiling was sealed
to give it a shiny finish.
Sanomat - Warehouse
European Modernism – 1930s
• Alvar Aalto (1898 – 1976)
• Turun Sanomat - 1927
Sanomat - Warehouse
The Lobby was sealed concrete & Plaster walls with tile
floors. Again the Art Deco style comes through. This is
one of the better concrete structures in all of Europe.
Sanomat – Office Lobby
European Modernism – 1930s
• Alvar Aalto (1898 – 1976)
• Paimio Sanitorium - 1929 - 1933
In designing this hospital,
Aalto began to look at the
human condition. The
design was based on how
human’s heal. This was
truly a case where form
followed function. The
Sprawling building stretches
out & creates courtyards
which allow natural light into
all rooms. Nature blends its
way from exterior to interior
throughout this building
with all of its roof decks. It
was Aalto’s belief that nature
was truly necessary to heal
oneself.
Sanitorium – Exterior
Sanitorium – Plan
European Modernism – 1930s
• Alvar Aalto (1898 – 1976)
• Paimio Sanitorium - 1929 - 1933
Aalto also believed that bright colors
made people feel better and be more
active. Psychological tests proved
this to be true. So the lobby was
treated with Bright yellow walls and
floor tiles to offset the white. Blue
was used as an accent.
Sanitorium – Stair
Sanitorium – lobby
European Modernism – 1930s
• Alvar Aalto (1898 – 1976)
• Paimio Sanitorium - 1929 - 1933
Aalto studied rigorously the effects of lighting & heating on
the infirmed. The diagrams show the interplay of natural &
artificial light. The beds designed by Aalto were designed
to be flexible. The spaces were designed for being
horizontal. The ceiling colors were darker to give the
patient a more restful color to look at. Even the bent wood
chair had its purpose. It was designed to put a person at
the correct angle to enhance their breathing.
Sanitorium – chair
Sanitorium – diagrams
European Modernism – 1930s
• Alvar Aalto (1898 – 1976)
• Villa Mairea - 1938 - 1941
One of Aalto’s most impressive buildings. In it Aalto
combined many different materials to create diverse
forms.
The Finish culture is extremely in tune with nature.
Aalto’s work highlights this through the use of natural
materials & Organic forms. Also design elements such
as the pool and the rubble masonry wall add to the
aesthetic.
Villa Mairea - Exterior
Villa Mairea - Plan
European Modernism – 1930s
• Alvar Aalto (1898 – 1976)
• Villa Mairea - 1938 - 1941
Aalto uses wood ceilings and floors. The walls are
plaster. All the furniture is designed by Aalto as well.
Again, he likes to bring nature into the building. At the
fireplace, Aalto carves out an opening that allows him to
add a window and create a shelf. The form is as if it had
been eroded away over time.
Villa Mairea - Entrance
Villa Mairea – Living Room