Transcript Coalition on Drift Minimization

Adjuvants and How They Influence
Application Practices
Robert E. Wolf
Extension Specialist Application Technology
Biological and Agricultural Engineering
The Pesticide Application Process
Creating the Spray Solution
Atomization
Drop Transport to Target
Impaction / Deposition
Post-Impact Drop Behavior
Retention – Spreading – Penetration – Translocation
Contact Action
Systemic Action
Biological Effect
2
What is an adjuvant?
• Many
different attempts to define
• An adjuvant is broadly defined as any
substance added to the spray tank, separate
from the pesticide formulation, that will
improve the performance of the pesticide.
•Spray adjuvants…modify the applied crop
protection product to increase its efficacy.
3
What is an adjuvant?
•ASTM - E1519: A material added to a spray
tank mix to aid or modify the action of an
agrichemical, or the physical characteristics of
the mixture.
• Adjuvants and surfactants are added to
spray solutions to improve the performance of
crop protection compounds (herbicides).
4
Adjuvant Categories Based on Herbicide Label
Recommendations
Nonionic Surfactants (NIS)
Crop Oil Concentrates (COC)
High Surfactant Oil Concentrates (HSOC)
Modified Seed Oil (MSO, ESO)
Ammonium Fertilizers (UAN, AMS)
Deposition Aids (Drift control, retention)
Activator Adjuvants
Additional Adjuvant Types
Improve the spray application process
Water conditioners
Compatibility aids
pH adjusters
Antifoam/defoaming aids
Drift reduction/deposition aids
Dyes/colorants/foam markers
Utility Adjuvants
Not All Adjuvants are the Same
Untreated
Nicosulfuron
Alone
+ 0.1% NIS
+ 0.2% NIS
Adjuvant descriptors:
Wetting
Spreading
Sticking
Softening Water
Improving Absorption
Drift Reducing
Defoaming
Multipurpose?
Utility Adjuvants
Drift Reduction/Deposition Aids:
•
•
•
•
•
Many available!
Not EPA regulated
Long chain polymers
Soluble powders
50 - 80% reduction in off-target
movement
• Not all will work!!!!
• Pump shear problems
• Effect on the pattern?
Drift Study
a
Product Name
Product Company
Mixing ratea
Tap water 1
Local supply
X-77 only
Superb HC + Interlock
Winfield Solutions
133 oz + 33 oz / 50 gal
Formula 1
United Suppliers
1.5 qt / 50 gal
#PX056-Z
Precision Labs, Inc
5 qt / 50 gal
Tap water 2
Local supply
X-77 only
Ag 06037
Winfield Solutions
64 oz / 50 gal
Ag 08050
Winfield Solutions
80 oz / 50 gal
Interlock 1.25
Winfield Solutions
80 oz / 50 gal
Control
GarrCo Products, Inc
2 oz /50 gal
Tap water 3
Local supply
X-77 only
INT 908
Rosen’s
5 gal / 45 gal
Tap water + Prime Oilb
Local supply + Winfield
Solutions
266 oz / 50 gal
Interlock 0.8
Winfield Solutions
50 oz / 50 gal
All tank mixes included X-77 at .25% v/v (16 ounces per 50 gallon load).
bOil to simulate a suggested tank mix with fungicide (Prime Oil @ 1 pint/acre).
Materials and Methods (2008):
• AT 502A(Rucker Flying Service)
–
–
–
–
–
Drop booms
CP-11TT #15 straight stream nozzles w/8° deflection
44 PSI
156 mph ground speed by GPS
Droplet spectrum: Medium, %volume <200 = 7.65%
• Aircraft calibrated for 3 GPA
Treatment VMD’s:
Micron Size
Treatment VMD
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
398 393
374 380
368 356 347 379
345 331 333 348 336
Total Drift Ranked:
80.0
water average
% Area Coverage
70.0
g
fg
60.0
ef
50.0
bcd
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
a
36.5
a
37.7
a
37.8
ab
41.6
cde
cde
ef
de
abc
44.1
50.1
53.3
53.9
57.7
61.5
63.5
71.4
74.6
Corn Fungicide Studies
Plot 65 ft.
Row 1
Row 10
Center row
Card & Plant heights
400
350
300
250
200
150
c
bc
2
ab bc
bc bc
3
4
5
6
7
2007
Treatment Affect on Droplet Size - Eastern Illinois
a
c
8
Microns
Microns
Treatm ent Affect on Droplet Size in Arkansas
9
400
350
300
250
200
150
NS
2
Treatm ents
3
4
5
6
7
8
T r eat ment s
400
350
300
250
200
150
Treatm ent Affect on Droplet Size - Western Illinois
b
a ab ab ab ab ab ab ab
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Microns
Microns
Treatm ent Affect on Droplet Size - Kansas
400
350
300
250
200
150
10
Treatm ents
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Crop Oil Concentrate (COC)
7.
Non-ionic Surfactant (NIS)
Methylated Seed Oil (MSO) & NIS &
Controlled Release Fertilizer (25-0-0 B) 8.
NIS & Interlock
9.
Quilt & NIS
10.
AR 9. COC + Control
NS
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Treatm ents
MSO + Organosilicone Surfactant
Blend & Controlled Release
Fertilizer (25-0-0 B)
High Surfactant Oil Concentrate
& Interlock
NIS + AG 06037
NIS + AG 06038
2008
Means for Percent Area Coverage Bottom Collectors
0.60
% Coverage
0.50
0.517
0.525
AB
A
0.40
0.345
0.355
0.30
ABC
ABC
0.303
0.20
CDE
CDE
0.180
CDE
CDE
0.10
0.270
0.222
BCD
0.180
0.273
CDE
0.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Treatments
All treatments – Headline @ 6 ounces/acre
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Premium COC @ 16 oz
Between @ 8 oz
Downdraft @ 4 oz
USEX0108 @ 4 oz
USEX0108 @ 8 oz
6. USEX0208 @ 4 oz
7.
USEX0208 @ 8 oz
8.
USEX0308 @ 4 oz
9.
USEX0308 @ 8 oz
10. SRN-28 + Between @ 8 oz
10
2009
Solution Factor:
• Changes the flow rate ?????
• Changes the droplet spectra !!!!
Droplet Studies
Volume Median Diameter (VMD)
Microns
Water
RWM + 1% AMS + Array
RWM + 2% AMS + Placement
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Percent fines
RWM + 2%AMS
RWM + 2% AMS + Border
% less than 210 Microns
37 51 36 35 45
23 30 14 15 26
19 22 14 13 22
10 17 29 29 15
11004XR
11004TT
TF 2
11003AI
40 psi
Bob Klein, U of Nebraska
40 psi
40 psi
70 psi
Need to evaluate droplets of solutions:
CP11TT4015 Flat-Fan
140 MPH
40 PSI
23 degree orientation
ASC D-12 Rotary Atomizer
140 MPH
26 PSI
2 GPA
Blade pitch #2
ASC D-12 Rotary Atomizer
Treatments
DV0.5
•Water
•Water + Quilt
•Water + Quilt + Foliar Fertilizer
•Water + Quilt + NIS
•Water + Quilt + COC
•Water + Quilt + Deposition Aid
250
150
100
203
178
122
135
144
136
50
0
%<100
Treatments
140 MPH
26 PSI
2 GPA
Blade pitch #2
Microns
Microns
200
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
38.4
33.1
30.3
32.8
23.9
20.1
Treatments
CP11TT4015 Flat-Fan
Treatments
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
•Water
•Water + Quilt
•Water + Quilt + Foliar Fertilizer
•Water + Quilt + NIS
•Water + Quilt + COC
•Water + Quilt + Deposition Aid
335
217
217
214
223
238
%<100
Treatments
140 MPH
40 PSI
23 degree orientation
Microns
Microns
DV0.5
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
17.5
15.2
14.1
12.8
4.2
Treatments
13.1
Ground Nozzle Field Trials
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
479
470
490
483
447
418
394
450
450
Nozzle Type
VMD - Paraquat + Water + NIS
600
500
Microns
Microns
VMD - Glyphosate + Water + AMS
400
300
484
421
515
484
483
200
100
0
Axis Title
471
501
419
554
Solution Effect – College Station in the
Wind Tunnel
600
500
Microns
400
300
200
100
0
TT
AIXR
GA
BFS
AM
AIC
Nozzle Type
Water
Glyphosate
Paraquat
ULD
TTI
Solution Effect - North Platte - Lab
Using Product
Nozzle Type
PSI
Water
Glyphosate
Paraquat
TT110025
40
302
314
272
AIXR110025
40
438
410
429
AM110025
40
427
415
427
GA110025
40
414
367
397
TTJ60110025
40
340
370
290
AIC11002
70
488
428
423
ULD12002
70
347
339
342
TDHSTF11002
70
403
363
385
Summary
• Adjuvants allow for more consistent pesticide
activity and should be viewed as a safety net
for performance.
– Adjuvants optimize pesticide efficacy
• In general, adjuvants don’t create value….they
retain the value of the pesticide.
Summary cont’d
• The idea of superior adjuvants allowing for
reduced pesticide application rates to save
money should be discouraged.
• This may have only been true with glyphosate.
• The next 10 years will rely on herbicides without
large amounts of rate flexibility so the goal of the
adjuvant will be to simply just achieve acceptable
control levels.
Calibration!!!!
The next phase!
Ensuring that the spray droplet spectrum is
what it is supposed to be to maximize
efficacy while minimizing drift!
Spray quality categories.
ASABE Standard S-572.1
Category (symbol)
Extra Fine (XF)
Color Code
Very Fine (VF)
Fine (F)
Medium (M)
Red
Coarse (C)
Very Coarse (VC)
Extra Course (XC)
Ultra Coarse (UC)
Blue
Purple
orange
yellow
Green
White
Black
Page 4
www.bae.ksu.edu/faculty/wolf/
Disclaimer:
• Brand names appearing in this presentation
are for identification and illustration purposes
only.
• No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism
implied of similar products not mentioned.
For more information contact:
[email protected]
www.bae.ksu.edu/faculty/wolf/