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Mid-Atlantic Region Japan-in-the-Schools
(MARJiS) Program
U.S. Educational Instructional Technology:
Past, Present and Future
University of Maryland
Educational Technology Outreach
Director: Davina Pruitt-Mentle
November 2, 2001
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U.S. Educational Instructional
Technology: Past, Present and Future
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Statistics
Trends in Educational Technology
Teacher Training Trends
Standards
Current Issues in Educational Technology
New Challenges
Current K-12 Trends
Activities for you to explore
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Educational Technology Drivers
• Equal Access
• Technology
– At home
– At school
• Training
• Usage
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Digital Divide
• Differences in access between “haves” and “have-nots”
• Gap still exists but is narrowing
• Studies focus on socio-economic condition, race, gender,
and education
– Access highest for
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Upper income brackets
White
Male
College degree
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Internet Usage
2000 Percentage
2000 Percentage
All adults
56
Under $30,000
38
Men
58
$30K – $50K
64
Women
54
$50K – $75K
72
Whites
57
$75K+
82
Blacks
43
High School or less
39
Hispanics
47
Some College
71
18-29
75
College Degree or more
82
30-49
65
50-64
51
65+
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Source: Pew Internet & American Life Project surveys,
Nov-Dec 2000. Margin of error is ±3%.
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Maryland Trends
Source: Maryland Business Roundtable
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Teacher Training Leads to
Effectiveness
• Report to the President on the Use of Technology to
Strengthen Education (2000)
– Only 62% of teachers with one or more computers systems in the
classroom use the computer for instruction
– “Teachers commonly report that they have not received adequate
preparation in the effective use of computers within the classroom.”
– “The more ambitious and promising applications of computers call
for considerably more skill from the teacher, who must …
effectively integrate technology into the curriculum and devise
ways of assessing student work based on individual and group
projects.”
• Technology effectiveness requires teacher training
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Characteristics of Teachers Who
Successfully Integrate Technology
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Experienced (median age = 44)
Technology savvy (upper quintile of skills)
Instructional leaders, not fringe innovators
Access to multiple networked computers in classroom
Have online computer at home (74%)
Spend over $100 of personal funds on project (63%)
Source: 3Com (2000) Preparing Teachers to Use IT in the Classroom
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What do teachers need to be ready
for technology?
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Develop a philosophy
Purchase products
Identify and solve problems
Speak the language
See where technology fits in educational
integration
Do computers make a difference?
Do pencils make a difference?
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Technology in Education
• Since 1920- emphasis on radio and television
• Current – Internet
• 20 years from now
– Intelligent Computer Assisted Instruction (ICAI)
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Monitor student performance
Create personal profile for each student
Automatically tailor instruction to particular needs
Update profile as progress is made
– Virtual Reality (VR)
• Simulation
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Educational Technology
Definition by Roblyer & Edwards:
Educational technology is a combination of
the processes and tools involved in
addressing educational needs and problems,
with an emphasis on applying the most
current tools: computers and their related
technologies.
Roblyer, M.D., and Edwards, J. (2000). Integrating Educational
Technology into Teaching. (2nd Edition) Merrill Publishing
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Four Perspectives That Shaped
Educational Technology
Four Historical
Perspectives
Media and AV
Communications
Instructional Systems
Vocational training
(technology education)
Computer systems
(educational computing)
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Origins
Higher Education Instructors, 1930s
Military/industrial trainers; later,
university R&D, 1960s-1970s
Industry trainers, vocational educators,
1980s
Programmers, systems analysts; later,
university R&D, 1960s
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Current
Organization
AECT
ISPI
ITEA
ISTE
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Various Approaches to
Technology in Education
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Integrating Educational Technology
Process of determining which electronic tools
and which methods for implementing them
are appropriate for given classroom
situations and problems
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Milestones and Trends in Educational Computing
Technology
The Era Before Microcomputers
• 1950 - First instructional computer use:
computerized flight simulator used to train
pilots at MIT
• 1959 - First computer use in schools: IBM
650
• 1966 - IBM offers the 1500 system:
Dedicated instructional mainframe
• 1967 - CCC offers first minicomputerbased instructional system (DEC PDP/1);
Mitre Corporation offers TICCIT system
• 1970s - CDC offers the Plato instructional
delivery system
The Microcomputer Era and Beyond
• 1977 - First microcomputers enter schools
• 1980 - Seymore Papert writes Mindstorms:
The Logo movement begins
• 1980s
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MECC offers microcomputer software;
educational materials publishers begin
courseware development and marketing
The courseware evaluation is emphasized:
MicroSIFT, EPIE, others
The computer literacy movement begins,
then wanes after 1988
1990s - Use of ILS and other networked
systems increases; multimedia use and
development increases
The Internet Era
•1994 - Widespread use of the Internet begins
•2000 - Virtual reality systems and other virtual environments are emphasized
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What have we learned from the past?
• No technology is a panacea for
education
• Computer literacy/technological
literacy is a moving target
• Computer literacy/technological
literacy offers a limited integration
rationale
• Standalone computers and
networked computers have
benefits and limitations
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• Teachers usually do not develop
technology materials or
curriculum
• Technically “possible” does not
equal desirable, feasible, or
inevitable
• Things change faster than teachers
can keep up
• Older technologies can be useful
• Teachers always will be important
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Elements of a Rationale for Using
Technology in Education
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Motivation
Unique instructional capabilities
Support for new instructional approaches
Increased teacher productivity
Required skills for an information age
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Elements of a Rationale for Using
Technology in Education
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Motivation
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– Gaining learner attention
– Engaging the learner through
production work
– Increasing perceptions of control
(intrinsic motivation)
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Unique instructional capabilities
– Linking learners to information sources
– Helping learners visualize problems and
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solutions
– Tracking learner progress
– Linking learners to learning tools
Support for new instructional approaches
– Cooperative learning
– Shared Intelligence
– Problem solving and higher-level skills
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Increased teacher productivity
– Freeing time to work with students by
helping with production and record
keeping tasks
– Providing more accurate information
more quickly
– Allowing teachers to produce betterlooking more “student-friendly”
materials more quickly
Required skills for an information age
– Technology literacy
– Information literacy
– Visual literacy
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New Initiative:
Educational Technology Standards
• ISTE (International Society for Technology in
Education) and NCATE (National Council for
the Accreditation of Teacher Education) have
developed pre-service standards
• National Educational Technology Standards
(NETS) for K-12
• Technology Standards for School
Administrators (TSSA) for Principals
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NCATE & ISTE
• Establish standards for teaching in
education
• Increase emphasis in use of technology in
teacher training
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NCATE/ISTE Required Technology Competencies for
Educational Technology Leaders
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Operate a computer system to use software
successfully
Evaluate and use computers and other
technologies to support instruction
Explore, evaluate, and use technology-based
applications for communications, presentations,
and decision making
Apply current instructional principles and
research and appropriate assessment practices to
the use of computers and related technologies
Demonstrate knowledge of uses of computers for
problem solving, data collection, information
management, communications, presentations, and
decision making
Develop student learning activities that integrate
computers and technology for a variety of student
grouping strategies and for diverse student
populations
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Evaluate, select, and integrate
computer/technology-based instruction in the
curriculum in a subject area and/or grade level
Demonstrate knowledge of uses of multimedia,
hypermedia, and telecommunications tools to
support instruction
Demonstrate skills in using productivity tools for
professional and personal use, including word
processing, database management, spreadsheet
software, and print/graphic utilities
Demonstrate knowledge of equity, ethical, legal,
and human issues of computing and technology use
as they relate to society, and model appropriate
behavior
Identify resources to keep current in applications of
computing and related technologies in education
use technology to access information to enhance
personal and professional productivity
Apply computers and related technologies to
facilitate emerging roles of learners and educators
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Standards Online
• ISTE Draft:
http://cnets.iste.org/review/ectlitreview2.html
• NCATE Standards:
http://www.ncate.org/standard/m_stds.htm
• Joint ISTE/NCATE:
http://www.iste.org/standards/ncate/
• TSSA:
http://cnets.iste.org/tssa/
• NETS for Students:
http://cnets.iste.org/index2.html
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Today’s Big Issues in Education
and Technology
• Societal issues
– pro-technology movement
– anti-technology movement
• Cultural and equity issues
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economic/ethnic bias
multi-cultural issues
gender bias
special needs students
• Educational issues
– directed vs. constructivist debate
– interdisciplinary vs. single-subject instruction
– technical issues
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New Challenges
• Technology skills and standards
– New teacher and administrator requirements and assessments
– Integrate of technology within curriculum (state & national standards)
– Established student competencies
• Staying abreast of local and societal attitudes
• Using strategies to ensure equity
– Digital divide
– Assistive technology
• Matching integration strategies with needs
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Current Trends in the K-12 Classroom
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PD activity ends with a teacher developed lesson plan
– Lesson Plan “databases” for others to use
– Make use of other “on-line” activities
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Implementing educational software into daily activities
– PowerPoint, Excel, Kid Pix, Inspiration, Kidspiration, StoryWeaver, etc.
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Selected Internet activities
– WebQuests, Scavenger Hunts, Treasure Hunts, etc.
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Problem-Solving Courseware
– Educational “Games”, Simulations, Case Studies
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E-Learning
New Equipment Developments
– Graphic Calculators and Probes
– Handheld Devices & E-Books
– Wireless & Wearable Computers
• Group Activities
• Assessment through Electronic
Portfolios
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Lesson Plan Databases
• Kathy Schrock
http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/
• AskEric Lesson Plans
http://www.askeric.org/Virtual/Lessons/
• The Lesson Plans Page
http://www.lessonplanspage.com/
• EdHelper
http://www.edhelper.com/
• TeachersNet
http://teachers.net/lessons/
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Try ...
• Integrating Educational Technology into
Teaching:
http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/roblyer/
• Go to Try This! Tutorial
• Select Step 1
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Inspiration
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Kidspiration
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Kid Pix
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Selected Internet Activities
• WebQuests
(http://edweb.sdsu.edu/webquest/webquest.html)
• Scavenger Hunts
(http://lserver.aea14.k12.ia.us/Scavenger.html)
• Treasure Hunts
(http://www.cybersurfari.org/)
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Games & Simulations
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Electronic Portfolios
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