Transcript Electron Cooling Commissioning Update

Tevatron collider, detectors performance
and future projects at Fermilab
Feb 28, 2008
Sergei Nagaitsev
(thanks to D. Wood, D. Denisov, R. Roser, J. Konigsberg, P. Oddone)
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Proton
source
Antiproton
source
CDF
DØ
Tevatron
Main Injector\
Recycler
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
2
Tevatron complex: 9 accelerators
MINOS
MiniBooNE
8 GeV
Booster
p
In operation since:
Target
8 GeV
Li Lens Debuncher:
120 GeV
Main Injector:
large aperture
synchrotron
2 seconds cycle
rapid cycling
high intensity
proton synchrotron
2 sec period
8 GeV
Accumulator:
p
Tevatron Collider
p
750 keV
p source
1983
1985
1999
2004
2005
high quality
storage ring
stochastic cooling
~4 hours cycle
proton synchrotron
15 Hz
400 MeV
Linac
Tevatron
Pbar Source
Main Injector
Recycler
Electron cooler
CM energy of 1.96 TeV
36x36 bunches
Collision rate ~ 2MHz
8 GeV
Recycler Ring:
high quality
storage ring
stochastic cooling
electron cooling
12-24 hours cycle
4.3 MeV
electron
cooler
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
3
The Luminosity Story…
 The Tevatron CM energy is limited to 1.96 TeV.
While the Run II energy is greater than Run I’s,
Run II is not about energy – its about integrated
luminosity.
 When science historians write about Run II, they
will tell the story of…
 How the amount of delivered luminosity impacted the
ultimate success of the physics program
 The total luminosity will set the scale for the legacy of
the Tevatron
 We make continuous improvements to physics
analysis, thus the physics gain is better than
SQRT(∫L).
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
4
Total Integrated Luminosity
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
5
Tevatron Run 2: 2001 – 2009 (2010)
 Two multi-purpose and
complimentary detectors: CDF
and DØ
 Integrated Luminosity
 Delivered 3.7 fb-1 (per detector)
 Recorded: about 3.0 fb-1
 Goal is 5.5 – 6.5 fb-1 delivered in
2009
 2010 Running under discussion
(expect 7 – 9 fb-1 delivered)
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
6
Doing Physics at 2 TeV
 Need 1010 collisions to
produce 1 event with Top
quarks
 With 1 fb-1, 10k t-tbar
events produced;
 Understanding and
reducing backgrounds is
the key to success
 We continue to learn and
innovate; developing new
tools and techniques as
needed
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
7
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
8
Tevatron physics goals
 More detailed explorations on new areas we’ve
opened
 Single top, di-bosons, CP in B-physics are all examples
 Each benefits from having the largest statistical sample
available
 Test maximum Ecm
 What is in the tails…..
 Investigating today’s possibilities
 We already see a number of 2-sigma and 3-sigma results
in our data based on 2 fb-1 analyzed
 Want x3 - 4 our current dataset to find out whether any
of these discrepancies arise from new physics
 Higgs potential
 SM exclusion should be the benchmark
 With 7-8 fb-1 of data, we can exclude at the 95% C.L.
the entire interesting mass range (< 200 GeV/c2)
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
9
The DØ Collaboration
DØ is an international collaboration
of 580 physicists from 19
nations who have designed, built
and operate the DØ detector at
the Tevatron and perform data
analysis
Institutions: 89 total, 38 US, 51 non-US
Collaborators:
~ 50% from non-US institutions
~ 100 postdocs, ~140 graduate students
September 2007 DØ Collaboration Meeting
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
10
DØ : Physics Goals and Detector
Precision tests of the Standard Model
 Weak bosons, top quark, QCD, B-physics
Search for particles and forces beyond those known
 Higgs, supersymmetry, extra dimensions….
Driven by these goals,
the detector emphasizes
Tracker
Solenoid Magnet
Electron, muon and
tau identification
Jets and missing
transverse energy
protons
Flavor tagging through
displaced vertices and
leptons
antiprotons
3 Layer
Muon
System
20 m
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
11
Integrated Luminosity
Delivered
Recorded
Run IIa
1.6 fb-1
1.3 fb-1
Run IIb (so far)
1.9 fb-1
1.7 fb-1
Total
3.5 fb-1
3.0 fb-1
2006 shutdown:
• new Layer 0 silicon installed
• trigger upgrades installed
Passed 3fb-1 milestone
in recorded luminosity
on 16 January 2008
Run IIa
Run IIb
Jan 08
April 02
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
12
Selected physics highlights from DØ in Run II
Top physics
 Single top production evidence
 Tour de force of top quark
property measurements
Single Top
December 2006: First evidence for single top and
first direct measurement of Vtb
  4.3  1.4 pb
 Mass = 172.1±2.4 GeV
 Cross section, electric charge, W
helicity, forward-backward
asymmetry, B(t→Wb)/B(t→Wq)
Electroweak
 First evidence for WZ production
 W-gamma radiation zero evidence
 Anomalous couplings search in Wgamma, Z-gamma, WZ, ZZ
QCD
 Precise inclusive jet cross section
 with 1% calibration of jet energy
scale

W+charm production ratio
measurement – probing strange
content of proton
0.68 | Vtb | 1.0
(95% CL)
Inclusive Jets
January 2008:
most precise
measurement of
the inclusive jet
cross section over
the widest
kinematic range
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
13
Selected physics highlights from DØ in Run II
Bs Mixing: March 2006
b- Discovery: June 2007
M( b-) =
5.774±0.019
GeV/c2
First two-sided limit on
Bs oscillations
17ps-1<Δms<21ps-1
most cited HEP paper of
2006
W’ Limit> 1 TeV:
October 2007
B-physics
 Bs mixing – world’s first twosided limit
 Ξb- baryon discovery:
 CP violating parameter
measurements: unique DØ
capability from regular reversal
of magnetic fields
 World’s best limits on Bs→μμ
decay probability
New Phenomena
 W’, Z’ mass limits > 1 TeV
 Excited electron mass > 756
GeV: probing electron substructure
 Best limits on many SUSY
processes (tripleptons,
stop→l+b+MET, stop→c+MET,
diphotons+MET,…)
 Searches for squark and gluinos:
first Tevatron publication with
>2 fb-1 of data
Higgs
 SM Higgs cross section limits
from nine different channels in
110-200 GeV mass range
 Best limits on MSSM higgs
production
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
14
DØ Physics Output
 2007 was the best year
ever with 34 papers
submitted for publication
 Expect more in 2008
 Reducing time from data
taking to publication
 Already published result
with 2.1 fb-1
 Winter conference results
with 2.3 fb-1 expected
 DØ continues to be a great
training ground for
students and postdocs
 29 Ph.D. theses in 2007
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
15
The CDF Collaboration
Europe
 21 institutions
North America
 34 institutions
Asia
 8 institutions
The CDF Collaboration
 15 Countries
 63 institutions
 635 authors
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
16
Detector Status - Summary
 Stable data collection
 ~85% recorded and ~80% of delivered used in analysis
 Tracking chamber (COT)
 Aging not a problem, will be ok through 2010
 Silicon longevity
 Expect silicon detector to last beyond 2010
• Radiation not expected to be a problem
 All other systems are operating well
 High Luminosity Running
 Inst. Lum expectations are now clear < 300-350 x1030cm-2 s-1
• Trigger & DAQ
– Recently completed upgrade on tracking and calorimeter
– We are collecting high-Pt data with high efficiency up to 3x1032
• Physics
– No significant effect up to 3x1032
 About 80% of Delivered Luminosity is available for
physics analysis
 Expected to be in good shape through FY10
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
17
CDF: Collecting data - happily…
~<85>% efficient
since 2003

Sources of inefficiency include:
 Trigger dead time and readout ~ 5%
• Intentional - to maximize physics to
tape
 Start and end of stores ~5%
 Problems (detector, DAQ) ~5%
1.7 MHz of crossings
CDF 3-tiered trigger:
L1 accepts ~25 kHz
L2 accepts ~800 Hz
L3 accepts ~150 Hz
(event size is ~250 kb)
Accept rate ~1:12,000
Reject 99.991% of the events
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
18
CDF: Physics Highlights from 1-2 fb-1
Observation of Bs-mixing
Δms = 17.77 +- 0.10 (stat) +- 0.07(sys)
Observation of new baryon states
b and b
WZ discovery (6-sigma)
Measured cross section 5.0 (1.7) pb
ZZ observation
4.4-sigma
Single top evidence (3-sigma) with 1.5 fb-1
cross section = 2.9 pb
|Vtb|= 1.02 ± 0.18 (exp.) ± 0.07 (th.)
Measurement of Sin(2_s)
Precision W mass measurement
Mw_cdf = 80.413 GeV (48 MeV)
Precision Top mass measurement
Mtop_cdf = 172.7 (2.1) GeV
W-width measurement
2.032 (.071) GeV
Observation of new charmless B==>hh states
Observation of Do-Dobar mixing
Constant improvement in Higgs Sensitivity
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
19
Run II Luminosity – Where can we go?
Luminosity projection curves for 2008-2010
Projected Integrated Luminosity in Run II (fb -1) vs time
10
extrapolated
from FY09
9
8.6 fb-1
FY10 start
Integrated Luminosity (fb -1)
8
7.2 fb-1
7
6
Real data up to
FY07 (included)
5
Highest Int. Lum
Lowest Int. Lum
4
FY09 and FY10
integrated luminosities
assumed to be
identical
3
2
FY08 start
1
10
0
/2
0
/1
3
11
4/
27
/2
01
9
10
/9
/
20
0
9
/2
00
3/
23
20
08
9/
4/
8
/2
00
2/
17
20
07
8/
1/
7
1/
13
/2
00
6
6/
27
/2
00
5
12
/9
/
20
0
5
5/
23
/2
00
4
11
/4
/
20
0
4
/2
00
4/
18
10
/1
/
20
0
3
0
time since FY04
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
20
Antiprotons and Luminosity
 The strategy for increasing luminosity in the Tevatron
is to increase the number and brightness of antiprotons
 Increase the antiproton production rate
 Provide a third stage of antiproton cooling with the Recycler
 Increase the transfer efficiency of antiprotons to low beta in the
Tevatron
 Provide additional antiproton cooling stages
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
21
Beam lifetimes at HEP collisions
 Antiproton lifetime is improved and brightness has increased
due to beam cooling in Recycler ring at 8 GeV
 Proton lifetime started to suffer from small pbar
emittances
 Pbars 3-4 times smaller than protons
 Greater fraction of proton bunch sees strongest beam-beam
force
 Highest head-on tune shifts for protons > 0.024
 Using an injection mismatch in Tevatron to blow up antiproton
emittance slightly and improve proton lifetime
• Results in slightly lower peak luminosities
• Improved integrated luminosities due to better proton lifetimes
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
22
Tevatron
 When does the program stop?
 The “natural” life without the LHC would be
several more years, roughly at the end of
“doubling data in three years”
 Very difficult to predict when it will be overtaken
by LHC. Prudent to plan running in 2010 – depends
on funding scenarios.
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
23
Fermilab: Neutrino experiments
MINOS: neutrino oscillations in the
atmospheric region; coming electron
appearance at CHOOZ limit or
below
Minos Far detector
MiniBooNE: neutrino oscillations in
the LSND region; exploration of low
energy anomaly in neutrino
interactions
SciBooNE: neutrino cross
sections
MiniBooNE detector
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
24
LHC and Fermilab
 The LHC is the single most important physics
component of the US program
 Fermilab supports the US CMS effort. Built
major components of CMS supporting the
universities.
 Now have Tier 1 computing center, LHC Physics
Center, Remote Operations Center (ROC),
CERN/Fermilab summer schools
 Major contribution to the accelerator. We are
now helping to commission LHC.
 To continue to be welcome, US and Fermilab must
contribute to detector and accelerator
improvements.
 Aim: critical mass at Fermilab, as good as going to
CERN (once detectors completed).
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
25
LHC and Fermilab
Compact Muon Spectrometer CMS
Remote Operations Center at Fermilab
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
26
High-energy physics tools
pp-bar
pp
e+em+m-
Energy
Frontier
Intensity
Frontier
Telescopes;
Underground
experiments;
Intense n, m, K, ..
beams; and
B, C factories;
Nonaccelerator
based
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
27
Need a TeV-scale lepton collider
International
Linear
Collider (ILC)
ILC
e-
e+
LHC
p
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
p
28
ILC technology at Fermilab
Horizontal Test Stand
29
First cryomodule
Vertical Test Stand
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
29
ILC and Fermilab
 Strong world-wide collaboration on ILC: by far the
easiest machine beyond the LHC; both CLIC and
muon colliders are more difficult.
 ILC will be it – provided LHC tells us the richness
of new physics is there.
 Technology is broadly applicable – R&D on the
technology is important: electron cloud effects,
reliable high gradient cavities, final focus….
 Fermilab and US community will continue with ILC
and SCRF R&D – probably on stretched timescale.
 Reality: the likelihood of building ILC in the US is
much reduced after the latest round of
Congressional actions on ILC, ITER.
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
30
Intensity frontier
 The general rule:
 If the LHC discovers new particles – precision
experiments tell about the physics behind through
rates/couplings to standard particles
 If the LHC does not see new particles – precision
experiments with negligible rates in the SM are the only
avenue to probe higher energies
 Additionally, neutrino oscillations coupled with
charged lepton number violating processes
constrain GUT model building
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
31
Fermilab and the intensity frontier
 We have designed a program based on a new
injector for the complex.
 Can exploit the large infrastructure of accelerators:
Main Injector (120 GeV), Recycler (8GeV), Debuncher (8
GeV), Accumulator (8 GeV) – would be very expensive to
reproduce today
 New source uses ILC technology and helps development
of the technology in the US
 Provides the best program in neutrinos, and rare decays
in the world
 Positions the US program for an evolutionary path leading
to neutrino factories and muon colliders
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
32
Fermilab and the intensity frontier: Project X
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
33
Project X: expandability
 Initial configuration exploits alignment with ILC
 But it is expandable (we will make sure the hooks are there)
 Three times the rep rate
 Three times the pulse length
 Three times the number of klystrons
 Would position the program for a multi-megawatt source for
intense muon beams at low <8 GeV energies – very difficult
with a synchrotron.
 Neutrino program at 120 GeV (2.3 MW); 55% Recycler
available at 8 GeV (200kW)
 We can develop existing 8 GeV rings to deliver and tailor
beams, allowing full duty cycle for experiments with the
correct time structure: K decays, m  e conversion, g-2.
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
34
Example: evolutionary path muons
Rebunch
(Upgradable to 2MW)
Muon
Collider
R&D Hall
Decay
Cool
Target Phase Rot.
& Bunch
NEUTRINO
FACTORY
Pre-Accel
RLA
(1–4 GeV)
0.2–0.8
GeV
PROJECT X
MUON COLLIDER
TEST FACILITY
4 GeV
Ring
n
Illustrative Vision
Three projects of comparable scope:
 Project X (upgraded to 2MW)
 Muon Collider Test Facility
 4 GeV Neutrino Factory
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
Far Detector
at Homestake
35
1.5-4 TeV Muon Collider at Fermilab
detector
mm
Muon Collider
36
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
36
Summary
 Tevatron collider has a very rich and exciting
physics program. Detectors are running well
(actually better than ever).
 Tevatron is running well
 There is evidence for reliability improvements
 Plan to run Tevatron until overtaken by LHC
 Our future plan is to construct world premier
“intensity-frontier” machine and to continue R&D
on a lepton “energy-frontier” collider
S. Nagaitsev (FNAL)
37