Choosing the Cluster to Split in Bisecting Divisive
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Transcript Choosing the Cluster to Split in Bisecting Divisive
Greedy Perimeter Stateless
Routing (GPSR)
vs.
Geographical Energy Aware
Routing (GEAR)
A Presentation by:
Noman Shahreyar
Outline
Introduction
Motivation
Goals
GPSR
GEAR
Simulation
Results
Conclusions
Introduction
Topology changes are more frequent in
wireless networks as opposed to wired
networks
Traditional routing algorithms such as
Distance Vector (DV) and Link State (LS)
are not efficient (network congestion,
mobility overhead) for packet forwarding
in wireless networks
Routing protocols based on DV and LS
consume enormous network bandwidth
and have low scalability
Motivation
Routing table exchange proportional
to network size & mobility
Nodes often overloaded with
participating in the network; not
enough time to sense
Routing information storage
Adaptability requirement
End-to-end route maintenance
No support for regional query
What to Do ????
Answer is LOCATION !!!!!
Why Geographical
Routing ???
Geographic routing allows nodes to be
nearly stateless and requires propagation
of topology information for only a single hop
The position of a packet’s destination and next-hop
neighbor positions are sufficient for making
packet forwarding decisions
Why Regional Support ???
What is the average temperature in a
region R during time period (t1, t2)
Find the road traffic flow in region X for
time duration t
Goals
Reduce size of topology information
stored (state) in the nodes
Provide geography-based forwarding
Minimize the mobility overhead traffic
Extend life-time of the network
Geographical Routing
Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing
(GPSR)
Geographical Energy Aware Routing
(GEAR)
GPSR Facts
Scalability
Location-based communication
Nearly Stateless
Routing adaptability
Mobility support
Assumptions
Source knows its position
Each node knows position of its neighbors
by simple beacon message
Sources can determine the location of
destinations
Local directory service (Node ID to
location mapping), location registration
Bonus: location-based communication
make directory service unnecessary
GPSR Modes
GPSR has two modes of operation for
packet forwarding
Greedy Forwarding
Perimeter Forwarding
Greedy Forwarding
Geographically
Closest to
Destination
Destination
Sourc
e
When Greedy Forwarding
Fails ???
Destination
X
Reached local maxima
Perimeter Forwarding
Destination
X
Assembling GPSR Together
greedy
fails
Greedy Forwarding
Perimeter Forwarding
have left local maxima
greedy works
greedy fails
GEAR Facts
Geographic packet forwarding
Extended overall network lifetime
High Scalability
Routing adaptability
Mobility Support
Nearly Stateless
Regional Support
Extension of GPSR
Assumptions
Each query packet has target region
specified in the original packet
Each node knows its position (GPS)
and remaining energy level
Each node knows its neighbors’
position (beacon) and their remaining
energy levels
Links (Transmission) are bidirectional
GEAR Modes
GEAR has two modes of operation for
packet forwarding
Energy-aware Regional Forwarding
Recursive Geographic Forwarding /
Restricted Flooding
Energy-aware Regional
Forwarding
Geographically
Closest to Region
Region
Sourc
e
Recursive Geographic
Forwarding
Region
Restricted Flooding
Region
Assembling GEAR
Together
Recursive Geographic
Forwarding
Region
arrived
Source-region
Region
If RGF fails or
sparse region
Energy-aware Regional
Routing
Restricted Flooding
Simulation Environment
Forward packets to all nodes in the region
No need for location database
Static sensor nodes
Existence of localization system
Energy-metrics + Geographical Information
utilization
Simulation Scenarios
Uniform Traffic Distribution
The source and target regions are
randomly selected throughout the network
Non-uniform Traffic Distribution (Clustered
sources and Destinations)
Sources and Destinations are randomly
selected but source-pairs and destinationpairs are geographically close to each other
Comparison For Uniform Traffic
Comparison For Non-uniform
Traffic
Total broken pairs vs. Total
data delivered
Results
Uniform Traffic (GEAR vs. GPRS)
25 – 35 % more packet delivery
Non-uniform Traffic (GEAR vs. GPRS)
70 – 80 % more packet delivery
GEAR vs. Flooding
40 – 100 times more packet delivery
Goals Achieved !!!!
Localized topology information
storage
Geography-based Dissemination
Reduced mobility traffic
overhead
Extended network life-time
Summary
GEAR
Scalability
EnergyAwareness
Regional Support
Location-aided
Routing
Periodic
Beaconing
Routing
Adaptability
GPSR
DSR
Conclusions
GEAR propagates query to target region
without flooding
GEAR provides extended life of the sensor
networks
GEAR outperforms GPSR in both uniform
and non-uniform scenarios in packet delivery
GEAR performs better in terms of
connectivity after partition
Issues That I Recommend
To Explore
Reliability of packet delivery
Sensor positional error
Secure data transmission
Protocol Implementation in 3-D
space
References
Yan Yun., Ramesh Govindan, and Estrin Deborah: Geographical and Energy
Aware Routing, August 2001
Paper Website: http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/shah02energy.html
•
Brad Karp, H. T. Kung : GPSR-Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless
Networks, MobiComm 2000
Paper Website: http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/karp00gpsr.html
Rahul Jain, Anuj Puri, and Raja Sengupta: Geographical Routing Using Partial
Information for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, 1999
Paper Website: http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/336698.html
Chenyang Lu: GPSR Ad Hoc Routing III, Fall 2002
Presentation Website: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~lu/cs537s/presentations/gpsr.ppt
Brad Karp: Geographic Routing for Wireless Networks, Phd Dissertation, Harvard
University, October 2002
Paper Website: http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/472843.html
Greedy Perimeter Stateless
Routing (GPSR)
vs.
Geographical Energy Aware
Routing (GEAR)
A Presentation by:
Noman Shahreyar