Transcript Modernization: Iran, Egypt and Turkey

Modernization: Iran,
Egypt and Turkey
Chapter 27 Section 3
Goal
 Students will compare and
contrast the development of
three Middle Eastern nations
 Iran, Egypt, Turkey
1. Modernization
 Changes in a nation that enable
it to set up a stable government
and produce a high level of
goods and services
 Goals
Pre-Class
List several obstacles to
Modernization in the Middle East
Obstacles to Modernization









population explosion
poverty
illiteracy
limited education
fear of cultural change
Islamists/Extremists
civil unrest/conflict/Political corruption/unrest
Debt Crisis
Scarcity of water/land
2. Land and Resources of Iran
 Land
 2nd largest country in the Middle East
 Much of Iran is a dry, rugged plateau
 Most Iranians live in the
northeast where rainfall is
adequate
 Resources
 Oil: Iran’s oil reserves:
the 4th largest in the world = modernization
3. People of Iran
 3rd largest population
 more than a dozen ethnic groups
 Only a small percentage of people are
Arabs
 Most people speak Persian, a modern form
of the language of ancient Persia
 Most Iranians are Muslims
 Iran is the only Middle Eastern nation where
Shiites are in the majority
4. Shah of Iran
 Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi
 Argo Opening
 Shah Iran from 1941-1979
 But real power came after WWII
 Operation Ajax 1953 – US backed coup
 Supported by US and Britain
4. Shah of Iran
 Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi
 Goals:
 Economic and social reforms = modernize
 He wanted to make Iran “comparable to the
most developed countries in the world”
 Shah gradually lost support from the Shi’a
clergy of Iran, particularly due to his strong
policy of modernization
#4. What the Shah accomplished
 Economic and social reforms =
Modernization
 Land reform - broke up large estates and
distributed land to peasants
 improved health care and education
 government financed water projects, new
roads & encouraged industrial growth
 Social reforms gave women new rights
(right to vote)
 Supported by SAVAK
5. Causes of the Islamic Revolution
 Shah’s policies didn’t improve life for many
Iranians
 A growing gap separated the small group of
westernized Iranians from the rest of the
Iranian people
5. Causes of the Islamic Revolution
 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called on
Iranians to defend their Islamic values
 To many western ideas/values
 Leader of the Islamic Revolution
 In 1979 supporters of
Khomeini overthrew the shah
New Year’s Eve 1977
Fundamentalism
Belief that society should be
based on the principles of
one’s religion
Opposition to westernization.
Western influences corrupt the society
6. Effects of the Islamic Revolution
 Iran became a theocracy
 a government ruled by religious leaders
 Supreme Leader, Guardian Council, President
 they replaced secular courts with religious
courts & enforced Muslim traditions
 Women were required to wear veils in public
 Strict laws banned western movies and music
 Revolutionaries held 52 American citizens
hostage for over one year
6. Effects of the Islamic Revolution
 Economy slowed because of economic
sanctions from west
 actions taken by one nation or group of
nations to harm the economy of another
nation or group, often to force a political
change
7. Recent political trends in Iran?
 After Khomeini died in 1989 new leaders have
made changes
 Renewed some ties to western nations that
have been cut – no formal relations with US
 Slowly moved to elections but issues
 Elections limited to Islamic candidates
 Tensions between reformers and traditionalists
 Reformers want to quicken the pace of change
 Traditionalists reject modernizing influences that
undermine Islamic principles
 Today: Many of the reforms have been lost with
the rise of Former President Mahmoud
Ahmadinejad - Possible changes with new
President Hassan Rouhani
7. Recent political trends in Iran?
 Today: Many of the reforms have been lost with
the rise of Former President Mahmoud
Ahmadinejad - Possible changes with new
President Hassan Rouhani
Ahmadinejad
President Hassan Rouhani
New York Times UpFront
Iran Video 14 mins
Quick Check
Iran's rapid economic development has
been due largely to its
1. ethnic diversity
2. Islamic revolution
3. oil resources
4. population
Quick Check
A major cause of the Islamic revolution in Iran
in 1979 was the concern by Islamic leaders that
– 5 choices
1. traditional values were being undermined by
western ideas
2. women were being denied political rights
3. Israel had lost its influence in the Middle
East
4. religious leaders were becoming too
powerful
5. the failure of the Shah’s reforms to improve
life for many Iranians
Quick Check
Which of the following was an outcome of
the Islamic Revolution in Iran?
1. Iran became a Muslim theocracy
2. closer ties with the west
3. nationalization of the oil industry
4. increased modernization
8. Population in Egypt
 Egypt has the largest population in the
Middle East
 Because most of Egypt is a desert, 95%
of Egyptians live on only 5% of the land
 Cities, towns and villages border a
narrow strip of land along the Nile River
 12% of the population live in Cairo
8. Egypt’s Resources
 Egypt’s greatest resource
in the fertile Nile Valley
 Developing agriculture is a
goal of the government
9. The Goal of Egypt’s economic
policy
 To end economic dependence on the
West – socialism
 Expand farm output
 Increased wages for urban workers
10. Economic Policy of
Gamal Abdel Nasser (1956-1970)
 Nasser promoted Arab socialism
 Nationalized industry including Suez Canal
 Nasser also built the Aswan High Dam
 Dam allowed Egypt to irrigate
more farmland, control Nile flooding,
and produce low-cost hydroelectric
power for factories and homes
 Limited success
Discovering History:
20th-Century Biographies:
Leaders of the Middle East
11. Sadat and Mubarak
changed Nasser’s goals
 Sadat (1970- 1981) moved away from Arab
socialism and encouraged foreign and private
industry in Egypt - Open Door
11. Sadat and Mubarak
changed Nasser’s goals
 Mubarak: became president after Sadat’s
assassination (1981-2011)
 He tried to balance the needs of a
large population & pay Egypt’s debt
 cut in social programs
 hurt thousands of Egyptians – Unrest Website
 Rise in Islamists
Arab Spring
• Arab Spring
• refers to the democratic uprisings that arose
independently and spread across the Arab
world in 2011.
• The movement originated in Tunisia in December
2010 and quickly took hold in Egypt, Libya, Syria,
Yemen, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan.
Arab Spring
• Mubarak Removed from power 2011 Arab
Spring
• Authoritarian rule – lack of free election
• Poor economy = high unemployment &
low wagers
• Currently holding elections
12. Obstacles to the
Development of Egypt
 Islamists groups turned to terrorism
(Frontline Video)
 In 1997, a group of terrorists killed 58 foreign
tourists
 Mubarak remained a key ally of the United
States, which brought criticism from Islamic
extremists
 Debt
 Political Unrest
Quick Check
A. Most of the Egyptian population is
clustered in the Nile River Valley mainly
because
1. the river is of great military importance
2. heavy industry is located along the river
3. the river is the major source of water for
agriculture
4. it is the most scenic area in the country
Quick Check
B. A major goal pursued by Nasser was to
1. end land reform
2. promote an Islamic revolution
3. establish Arab Socialism and end
economic dependence
4. reduce the influence of the Muslim
clergy
Quick Check
C. Mubarak was removed during a series
of democratic uprisings in the Middle East
referred to as the
1. Islamic Revolution
2. Nationalism Century
3. Egyptian Fall
4. Arab Spring
13. How Turkey built
Western Ties
 Turkey joined NATO-North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
 A western military alliance
 Turkey also sought to join the European Union
 Membership helps to
increase trade and other
ties with Europe
 secularism
14. Describe Turkey’s
economy
 Turkey has one of the most balanced
economies in the Middle East
 Mix of modern industry and trade along with
traditional agriculture
 Have also developed a number of industries
 Automobile manufacturing, textiles, food
processing
 In the past, government controlled the
economy-today it has privatized some
industry and set up joint ventures with
European countries
15. Challenges Turkey
faces
 Population is growing faster than the
economy’s ability to create new jobs
 To remain a stable democracy
 To resolve the goals of modernization with
Islamic fundamentalism
 Turkey Lifts Longtime Ban on Head Scarves
in State Offices October 8, 2013
 ISTANBUL — The government lifted a ban on head scarves for female workers in
state offices, ending a longstanding restriction that has polarized Turkish society.
 Show Frontline Muslim Chapter 6 -10 minutes
Quick Check
A. Unlike Iran, Turkey has
1. made progress toward modernization
2. benefited from abundant oil resources
3. made Arab unity a major goal
4. become a secular nation
16a. Common Threads
 Ending foreign control of industry
 Feeding, educating and employing their
growing population






giving extensive governmental power
economic and social reforms
improving agriculture and industry
redistribute land
technology
effect = westernization
 To resolve the goals of modernization
with Islamic fundamentalism
16b. Important Differences
 Iran & Egypt nationalized industry and
redistributed land
 Turkey tries to align itself with the West
 Egypt and Turkey lack oil