Transcript Slide 1

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
Martin Wafler, seecon international gmbh
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
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Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
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Contents
1. Concept
2. How it can optimize SSWM
3. Design principals
4. Treatment efficiency
5. Operation and maintenance
6. Applicability
7. Advantages and disadvantages
8. References
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1. Concept
Background and working principal (adapted from U.S. EPA 2006, SASSE 1998)
• physical and biological (anaerobic)
treatment of wastewater
• integrated sedimentation chamber for
pre-treatment of wastewater
• alternating standing and hanging baffles
• wastewater passes through the sludge to
move to the next compartment
• solid retention time (SRT) separated from
hydraulic retention time (HRT)
• high treatment rates due to enhanced
contact of incoming wastewater with
residual sludge and high solid retention
• low sludge production
Cut-away view and longitudinal section of an ABR
Source: SANIMAS (2005), MOREL & DIENER (2006)
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1. Concept
Examples
Construction of different toilet blocks connected to twopre-fabricated fibreglass reactors comprising a
settling chamber, an aerobic baffled reactor and a final anaerobic filter unit
Source: BORDA 2009
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1. Concept
Examples
Biogas settler as settlement compartment (near completion) at Pestalozzi School, Zambia
Source: http://www.germantoilet.org/
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1. Concept
Examples
The ABR under construction, down pipes and perforated slabs to support filter media in the Anaerobic Filter
(AF) sections, pouring ABR’s concrete slab at Pestalozzi School, Zambia
Source: http://www.germantoilet.org/
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1. Concept
Examples
ABR (part of DEWATS) at Adarsh Vidyaprasarak Sanstha’s College of Arts & Commerce, India
Source: N. Zimmermann
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1. Concept
Examples
ABR (part of DEWATS) at Sunga Wastewater Treatment Plant, Kathmandu, Nepal
Source: N. Zimmermann
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2. How it can optimize SSWM
• treatment of all wastewater (grey-, black- and/or industrial
wastewater) that it is fit (after secondary treatment) for reuse
and/or safe disposal
• allows for recovery of biogas, which can be used as a substitute to
e.g. LPG or fuel wood in cooking
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3. Design principals
ABRs start with settling chamber for larger solids and impurities (SASSE 1998)
followed by series of at least 2 (MOREL & DIENER 2006), sometimes up to 5 (SASSE 1998) upflow chambers
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) is relatively short and varies from only
a few hours up to two or three days (FOXON et al. 2004; MOREL & DIENER 2006; TILLEY et al. 2008)
up-flow velocity is the most crucial parameter for dimensioning,
especially with high hydraulic loading. It should not exceed 2.0 m/h (SASSE
1998; MOREL & DIENER 2006).
organic load <3 kg COD/m3/day. Higher loading-rates are possible with
higher temperature and for easily degradable substrates (SASSE 1998)
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4. Treatment efficiency
Treatment performance of ABRs is in the range of (SASSE 1998; MOREL & DIENER 2006; BORDA 2008)
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal: 65% to 90%,
• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal: 70% to 95%,
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal: up to 90% (SINGH 2008)
• Pathogen reduction: low
Superior to BOD-removal (30% to 50%) of conventional septic tank (UNEP
2004).
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5. Operation and maintenance
• inoculate („seed“) ABR with active anaerobic sludge from e.g. septic
tank to speed up start-phase
• allow bacteria to multiply, by starting with 1/4 of daily flow, and then
increasing loading rates over 3 months
• long start-up time  do not use ABRs when need for treatment is
immediate
• check for water-tightness regularly and monitor scum and sludge
levels
• remove sludge every 1 to 3 years (preferably by vacuum truck or
gulper to avoid that humans get in direct contact with sludge)
• leave some active sludge in each compartment to maintain stable
treatment process
• take care of advanced treatment and/or safe disposal of sludge
Source: adapted from SASSE 1998, TILLEY et al. 2008, EAWAG/SANDEC 2008
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5. Operation and maintenance
Examples
Use of “straight handle” (left) and “Z-handle” (right) brushes for cleaning of down-ward pipes
Source: K.P. Pravinjith
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5. Operation and maintenance
Examples
Measuring sludge levels
Source: K.P. Pravinjith
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6. Applicability
• be installed in every type of climate, although efficiency is affected
in colder climates (TILLEY et al. 2008)
• suited for household level or for small neighbourhood as DEWATS
(Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System) (EAWAG/SANDEC 2008)
• suited for industrial wastewaters
• be designed for daily inflows in a range of some m3/day up to several
hundreds of m3/day (FOXON et al. 2004; TILLEY et al. 2008)
• in general, installed underground and therefore appropriate for areas
where land is limited
• been pre-fabricated from e.g. fibreglass and used as final step for
emergency sanitations (BORDA 2009)
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7. Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
•extremely stable to hydraulic
shock loads
•needs expert design
•high treatment performance
•simple to construct and operate
•no electrical requirements
•low capital and operating costs,
depending on economy of scale
•low sludge generation
•biogas can be recovered
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
•long start-up phase
•needs strategy for faecal sludge
management
•effluent requires secondary
treatment and/or appropriate
discharge
•clear design guidelines are not
available yet
•low reduction of pathogens
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8. References
BORDA (2009): EmSan - Emergency Sanitation. An innovative & rapidly installable solution to improve hygiene and
health in emergency situations (Concept Note). Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association
(BORDA)
EAWAG/SANDEC (2008): Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Lecture Notes. (=Sandec Training Tool 1.0, Module 4).
Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing
Countries (SANDEC)
FOXON, K.M., PILLAY, S., LALBAHADUR, T., RODDA, N., HOLDER, F., BUCKLEY, C.A. (2004): The anaerobic baffled
reactor (ABR)- An appropriate technology for on-site sanitation. In=Water SA Vol. 30 No. 5 (Special edition)
MOREL A., DIENER S. 2006. Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Review of different treatment
systems for households or neighbourhoods. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
(Eawag).
SANIMAS (2005): Informed Choice Catalogue. PPT-Presentation. BORDA and USAID
SASSE, L. (1998): DEWATS Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. Bremen: Bremen Overseas
Research and Development Association (BORDA)
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8. References
SINGH, S., HABERLA, R., MOOG, O., SHRESTA, R.R., SHRESTA, P., SHRESTA, R. (2009): Performance of an anaerobic
baffled reactor and hybrid constructed wetland treating high-strength wastewater in Nepal- A model for DEWATS. In:
Ecological Engineering 35. 654-660
TILLEY, E., LUETHI, C., MOREL, A., ZURBRUEGG, C., SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and
Technologies. Duebendorf and Geneva: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG) & Water Supply and
Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC)
U.S. EPA (2006): Emerging Technologies for Biosolids Management. (=EPA 832-R-06-005). United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Wastewater Management
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