Transcript THE SPACE TRAVEL AND THE SPACE SHUTTLE

THE SPACE TRAVEL
AND
THE SPACE SHUTTLE
INTRODUCTION
• This work talks about the
space travel and the space
shuttle, the past and the
future.
• With it, I pretend to show the
evolution of space subject.
THE SPACE TRAVEL
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
• Hermann Julius Oberth, born June 25, 1894
in the Transylvanian town of Hermannstadt,
is one of the three founding fathers of
rocketry
and
modern
astronautics.
Interestingly, although these three pioneers
arrived at many of the same conclusions
about the possibility of a rocket escaping the
earth’s gravitational pull, they seem to have
done so without any knowledge of each
other’s work.
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
• Oberth’s interest in rocketry was sparked at the
age of 11. His mother gave him a copy of Jules
Verne's From The Earth To The Moon, a book
which he later recalled he read "at least five or
six times and, finally, knew by heart.” It was a
young Oberth, then, that discovered that many
of Verne’s calculations were not simply fiction,
and that the very notion of interplanetary travel
was not as fantastic as had been assumed by
the scientific community.
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
• By the age of 14 Oberth had already
envisioned a “recoil rocket” that could propel
itself through space by expelling exhaust
gases (from a liquid fuel) from its base. He
had no resources with which to test his
model, but continued to develop his theories,
all the while teaching himself, from various
books, the mathematics that he knew he’d
need if he was to ever challenge gravity’s
dominion.
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
• Oberth realized that the higher the ratio
between propellant and rocket mass the
faster his rocket would be able to travel.
• Oberth wrote, “the requirements for stages
developed out of these formulas. If there
is a small rocket on top of a big one, and if
the big one is jettisoned and the small one
is ignited, then their speeds are added.”
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
• In 1912 Hermann Oberth enrolled in the University of
Munich to study medicine. His scholarly pursuits,
however, were interrupted by the First World War. In
an indirect way, Hermann Oberth’s participation in the
war, mostly with the medical unit , was, in some ways,
fortunate for the future of rocketry. Hermann Oberth
stated it best when he wrote that one of the most
important things he learned in his years as an enlisted
medic, was that he "did not want to be a doctor”.
When the war was over, Professor Oberth returned to
the University of Munich, but this time to study Physics
with several of the most notable scientists of the time.
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
• In 1922 Oberth’s doctoral thesis on rocketry was
rejected. He later described his reaction: “I refrained
from writing another one, thinking to myself: Never
mind, I will prove that I am able to become a greater
scientist than some of you, even without the title of
doctor.” He continued: “In the United States, I am often
addressed as a doctor. I should like to point out,
however, that I am not such and shall never think of
becoming one.” And on education he had this to say:
“Our educational system is like an automobile which
has strong rear lights, brightly illuminating the past.
But looking forward things are barely discernible.”
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
• In 1923, the year after the rejection of his
dissertation, he published the 92 page Die
Rakete zu den Planetenraumen (The Rocket
into Planetary Space). This was followed by a
longer version (429 pages) in 1929, which was
internationally celebrated as a work of
tremendous scientific importance. That same
year, he lost the sight in his left eye in an
experiment while working as a technical advisor
to German director Fritz Lang on his film, “Girl in
the Moon.”
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
• In the thirties Oberth took on a young assistant who
would later become one of the leading scientists in
rocketry research for the German and then the
United States governments; his name was Werhner
von Braun. They worked together again during the
Second World War, developing the V2 rocket, the
“vengeance weapon” for the German Army, and
again after the war, in the United States at the U.S.
Army’s Ballistic Missile Agency in Huntsville,
Alabama. However, three years later Professor
Oberth retired and returned to Germany.
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
• That Hermann Oberth is one of the three founding
fathers of rocketry and modern astronautics is, I
think, indisputable. That all three have advanced
the science of rocketry is also indisputable Professor Oberth, though, possessed a vision that
set him apart, even from these great men. In 1923
he wrote in the final chapter of Die Rakete zu den
Planetenraumen (The Rocket into Planetary
Space), “The rockets... can be built so powerfully
that they could be capable of carrying a man aloft.”
In 1923, then, he became the first to prove that
rockets could put a man into space.
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
• By all accounts Hermann Oberth was a
humble man (especially considering his
achievements) who had, in his own words,
simple goals. He outlined them in the last
paragraph of his 1957 book Man into Space:
“To make available for life every place where
life is possible. To make inhabitable all worlds
as yet uninhabitable, and all life purposeful.”
HERMANN OBERTH: FATHER
OF SPACE TRAVEL
• Hermann Julius
Oberth died in a
Nuremberg
hospital in West
Germany on
December 29,
1989 at the age of
95.
HISTORY OF SPACE TRAVEL
HISTORY OF SPACE TRAVEL
• To design and build a spacecraft, you need to
be able to figure out how big to make it, how
heavy it can be, how fast it will have to go,
how much fuel it needs and so forth. For that,
you need a theory of how objects move in
space and how to make the calculations.
Almost all theory of space flight was worked
out by three brilliant men over a period of
nearly three centuries - from 1600 to 1900.
HISTORY OF SPACE TRAVEL
• Johannes Kepler - Working out the theory
– was the German mathematician who, in
1609, figured out the equations for orbiting
planets & satellites. In particular, he
determined that the planets move in ellipses
(flattened circles) rather than true circles.
HISTORY OF SPACE TRAVEL
• Isaac Newton - Working out the theory
• in 1687 he wrote what is probably the single
greatest intellectual achievement of all time.
In a single book he established the basic laws
of force, motion, and gravitation and invented
a new branch of mathematics in the process
(calculus). He did all this to show how the
force of gravity is the reason that planet’s
orbits follow Kepler’s equations.
HISTORY OF SPACE TRAVEL
• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky - Working out the theory
– a Russian school teacher who, without ever
launching a single rocket himself, was the first to
figure out all the basic equations for rocketry - in
1903! From his very broad and extensive reading,
including Jules Verne’s "From the Earth to the
Moon", he concluded that space travel was a
possibility, that it was in fact man’s destiny, and
that rockets would be the way to pull it off.
HISTORY OF SPACE TRAVEL
• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky - Working out the theory
– He anticipated and solved many of the problems that
were going to come up for rocket powered flight and
drew up several rocket designs. He determined that liquid
fuel rockets would be needed to get to space, and that the
rockets would need to be built in stages (he called them
"rocket trains"). He concluded that oxygen and hydrogen
would be the most powerful fuels to use. He had
predicted how, 65 years later, the Saturn V rocket would
operate for the first landing of men on the moon.
BULDING THE FIRST ROCKETS
- ROBERT GODDARD
• An American who is now called "the father of
modern rocketry" .
• By contrast to Tsiolkovsky, Goddard was the man
who designed, built, and flew the rockets. He was a
university professor who also developed the theory
of rocketry and although he didn't know about
Tsiolkovsky's work, reached the same conclusions as
Tsiolkovsky did. Goddard proved the theory was
true.
BULDING THE FIRST ROCKETS
- ROBERT GODDARD
• He was also heavily influenced by the science fiction
of Jules Verne, and he worked hard to develop
rockets because he wanted to see them take us into
space.
• In 1926 he launched the world’s first liquid fueled
rocket. In the course of his experiments in
Massachusetts and Roswell, New Mexico, he
virtually developed the entirety of rocket technology.
SPACE
TOURISM
SPACE TOURISM
• Space tourism was born on 28th April 2001 it was
then that the worlds first space tourist launched into
space from the Baikonur launch site at 11:37
Moscow time on the "Soyuz TM-32" space vehicle.
Dennis Tito, an American millionaire, spent 7 days in
orbit and dedicated his in-flight time to the
photographing Earth from space. This mission
successfully ended on May 6, 2001 at 9:41 Moscow
time, after the capsule softly landed in the Kazakh
steppes.
SPACE TOURISM
• Dennis Tito
• First Tourist
SPACE TOURISM
• The second space tourist, resident of the South
African Republic Mark Shuttleworth was launched
into space a year later, on the 25th April 2002 Mark.
Unlike Dennis Tito, Mark Shuttleworth was allowed
to freely move around the space station
ROSAVIAKOSMOS and NASA Mr. Shuttleworth
had an agreement between them that allowed use of
the onboard notebook computers for sending and
receiving the e-mail. He was also given specified
times for using the US communication system for
down - linking video- and photo footage.
SPACE TOURISM
• Mark Shuttleworth carried out his own scientificresearch program, when in space, as well as
participating in multiple press releases. Mr.
Shuttleworth announced, after his 10-day space
mission of his firm desire to partake in a new space
mission "at any time". Mark Shuttleworth purchased
a mock-up of the "Soyuz TM-33" descent capsule
and space suit, in order to commemorate his
incredible adventure as the second space tourist.
SPACE TOURISM
• Mark Shuttleworth
• Second Tourist
NASA: Space Travel “Inherently
Hazardous” to Human Health
• WASHINGTON -- According to a new study created
for NASA the medical risks -- both physical and
psychological -- of long treks beyond Earth orbit
remain daunting and a far greater challenge than the
public has been led to believe.
• The new, no-holds-barred study says part of the
problem comes from "underreporting" by space
travelers about their health woes. Also, there is too
much data privacy and confidentiality between
astronauts and flight surgeons.
NASA: Space Travel “Inherently
Hazardous” to Human Health
• "Space travel is inherently hazardous. The
risks to human health of long duration
missions beyond Earth orbit, if not solved,
represent the greatest challenge to human
exploration of deep space," the committee
noted. Furthermore, the development of
solutions "is complicated by lack of a full
understanding of the nature of the risks and
their fundamental causes."
NASA: Space Travel “Inherently
Hazardous” to Human Health
• "Some of the physiologic effects of shorter periods in
space such as loss of bone calcium are likely to continue
indefinitely during longer missions," Kenneth Shine
(President of the Institute of Medicine) said. Furthermore,
psychological and mental health issues -- spurred by
stuffing people from diverse social and cultural
background into tight quarters and sending them outward
from Earth -- will grow increasingly important, he said.
• "For prolonged missions, it will not be feasible to return
an acutely ill individual to Earth in a timely manner,"
Shine said.
THE
SPACE
SHUTTLE
HOW SPACE SHUTTLES WORK
• In its 23 year history, the space shuttle
program has seen exhilarating highs and
devastating lows. The fleet has taken
astronauts on dozens of successful missions,
resulting in immeasurable scientific gains. But
this success has had a serious cost. In 1986,
the Challenger exploded during launch
procedures, and on February 1st of 2003, the
Columbia broke up during re-entry over
Texas.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
SPACE SHUTTLE
• Near the end of the Apollo space program, NASA
officials were looking at the future of the
American space program. At that time, the
rockets used to place astronauts and equipment in
outer space were one-shot disposable rockets.
What they needed was a reliable, but less
expensive, rocket, perhaps one that was reusable.
The idea of a reusable "space shuttle" that could
launch like a rocket but deliver and land like an
airplane was appealing and would be a great
technical achievement.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
SPACE SHUTTLE
• Artist's concept of a space shuttle with a
manned booster and orbiter
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
SPACE SHUTTLE
• NASA began design, cost and engineering studies on a
space shuttle. Many aerospace companies also explored the
concepts. The concepts varied from a reusable, manned
booster concept (shown above) to a shuttle lifted by solid
rockets. In 1972, President Nixon announced that NASA
would develop a reusable space shuttle or space
transportation system (STS). NASA decided that the
shuttle would consist of an orbiter attached to solid rocket
boosters and an external fuel tank because this design was
considered safer and more cost effective. NASA awarded
the prime contract to Rockwell International.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
SPACE SHUTTLE
• At that time, spacecraft used ablative heat
shields that would burn away as the spacecraft
re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. However, to
be reusable, a different strategy would have to
be used. The designers of the space shuttle
came up with an idea to cover the space shuttle
with many insulating ceramic tiles that could
absorb the heat of re-entry without harming the
astronauts.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
SPACE SHUTTLE
• The Enterprise separates from a Boeing 747 to
begin one of its flight and landing tests
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
SPACE SHUTTLE
• Finally, after many years of construction and
testing (i.e. orbiter, main engines, external fuel
tank, solid rocket boosters), the shuttle was
ready to fly. Four shuttles were made
(Columbia, Discovery, Atlantis, Challenger).
The first flight was in 1981 with the space
shuttle Columbia, piloted by astronauts John
Young and Robert Crippen. Columbia
performed well and the other shuttles soon
made several successful flights.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
SPACE SHUTTLE
• In 1986, the shuttle Challenger broke up in flight
when a flame from a leaky joint on one of the solid
rocket boosters ignited the fuel in the external fuel
tank. The Challenger exploded and the entire crew
was lost. NASA suspended the shuttle program for
several years, while the reasons for the disaster were
investigated and corrected. After several years, the
space shuttle flew again and a new shuttle,
Endeavour, was built to replace Challenger in the
shuttle fleet.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
SPACE SHUTTLE
• To date, the space shuttles have flown
about one-fourth of their expected lifetime
(each shuttle was designed for 100
missions) and have undergone many refits
and design changes to make them safer
and to carry heavier payloads into orbit.
SPACE SHUTTLE - GETTING
INTO ORBIT
• To lift the 4.5 million pound (2.05 million kg) shuttle
from the pad to orbit (115 to 400 miles/185 to 643 km)
above the Earth, the shuttle uses the following
components:
 two solid rocket boosters (SRB)
 three main engines of the orbiter
 the external fuel tank (ET)
 orbital maneuvering system (OMS) on the
orbiter
SPACE SHUTTLE - GETTING
INTO ORBIT
• One of the
space
shuttle's main
engines
SPACE SHUTTLE - ORBITER
• Once in space, the shuttle orbiter is your home
for seven to 14 days. The orbiter can be
oriented so that the cargo bay doors face toward
the Earth or away from the Earth depending
upon the mission objectives; in fact, the
orientation can be changed throughout the
mission. One of the first things that the
commander will do is to open the cargo bay
doors to cool the orbiter.
SPACE SHUTTLE - ORBITER
• Cut-away
drawing of
the orbiter's
crew
compartment
SPACE SHUTTLE - IN ORBIT:
LIFE IN SPACE
• The shuttle orbiter must provide an environment where you can
live and work in space. It must be able to do the following:
 provide life support
 change position and change orbits
 let you talk with ground-based flight controllers
(communications and tracking)
 find its way around (navigation)
 make electrical power
 coordinate and handle information (computers)
 enable you to do useful work
SPACE SHUTTLE - IN ORBIT:
LIFE IN SPACE
• Artist's concept of the space shuttle in orbit
SPACE SHUTTLE - LIFE SUPPORT
• The orbiter must provide you with an
environment similar to Earth. You must have air
to breathe, food to eat, water to drink, and a
comfortable temperature. The orbiter must also
take away the wastes that your body produces
(carbon dioxide, urine, feces) and protect you
from fire. Let's look at these various aspects of
the orbiter's life support system.
SPACE SHUTTLE - POSITION
AND ORBIT
• To change the direction that the orbiter is
pointed (attitude), you must use the reaction
control system (RCS) located on the nose and
OMS pods of the aft fuselage.
• To change orbits (e.g., rendezvous, docking
maneuvers), you must fire the OMS engines.
These engines change the velocity of the orbiter
to place it in a higher or lower orbit .
SPACE SHUTTLE - POSITION
AND ORBIT
• A - Remote
Manipulator Arm
• B - Forward
Reaction Control
Thrusters
• C - Radiator on
Cargo Bay Door
SPACE SHUTTLE COMMUNICATIONS AND TRACKING
• Talking with the Ground
– NASA's Mission Control in Houston will send signals to a 60 ft
radio antenna at White Sands Test Facility in New Mexico. White
Sands will relay the signals to a pair of Tracking and Data Relay
satellites in orbit 22,300 miles above the Earth. The satellites will
relay the signals to the the space shuttle. The system works in
reverse as well.
– The orbiter has two systems for communicating with the ground:
 S-band - voice, commands, telemetry and data files
 Ku-band (high bandwidth) - video and transferring two-way
data files
SPACE SHUTTLE COMMUNICATIONS AND TRACKING
• Talking to Each Other
• The orbiter has several intercom plug-in audio terminal
units located throughout the crew compartment. You will
wear a personal communications control with a headset. The
communications control is battery-powered and can be
switched from intercom to transmit functions. You can
either push to talk and release to listen or have a
continuously open communication line. To talk with
spacewalkers, the system uses a UHF frequency, which is
picked up in the astronaut's spacesuit.
SPACE SHUTTLE - NAVIGATION
• The orbiter must be able to know precisely
where it is in space, where other objects are and
how to change orbit. To know where it is and
how fast it is moving, the orbiter uses global
positioning systems (GPS). To know which way
it is pointing (attitude), the orbiter has several
gyroscopes. All of this information is fed into
the flight computers for rendezvous and
docking maneuvers, which are controlled in the
aft station of the flight deck.
SPACE SHUTTLE - NAVIGATION
• Spacelab module in the orbiter's cargo bay
provides additional lab space
SPACE SHUTTLE - POWER
• All of the on-board systems of the orbiter require
electrical power. Electricity is made from three
fuel cells, which are located in the mid fuselage
under the payload bay. These fuel cells combine
oxygen and hydrogen from pressurized tanks in
the mid fuselage to make electricity and water.
Like a power grid on Earth, the orbiter has a
distribution system to supply electrical power to
various instrument bays and areas of the ship.
The water is used by the crew and for cooling.
SPACE SHUTTLE - COMPUTERS
• The orbiter has five on-board computers that handle data processing
and control critical flight systems. The computers monitor
equipment and talk to each other and vote to settle arguments.
Computers control critical adjustments especially during launch and
landing:
 operations of the orbiter (housekeeping functions,
payload operations, rendezvous/docking)
 interface with the crew (IBM Thinkpads with
microprocessors and Windows operating systems)
 caution and warning systems
 data acquisition and processing from experiments
 flight maneuvers
• Pilots essentially fly the computers, which fly the shuttle.
SPACE SHUTTLE - DOING
USEFUL WORK
• You will spend most of your time on the shuttle doing
work to accomplish the mission objectives. Besides
work, you will have to exercise frequently on the
treadmill to counteract the loss of bone and muscle
mass associated with weightlessness. You will also eat
at the galley and sleep in your bunk-style sleeping
quarters. You will have a toilet and personal hygiene
facilities for use. You may have to perform
spacewalks to accomplish the mission objectives. This
will involve getting into a space suit and going
through depressurization procedures in the airlock.
SPACE SHUTTLE - DOING
USEFUL WORK
• Astronauts
working in the
Spacelab module
SPACE SHUTTLE - RETURN TO
EARTH: RE-ENTRY AND LANDING
• The orbiter must be maneuvered into the
proper position. This is crucial to a safe
landing.
• When a mission is finished and the shuttle is
halfway around the world from the landing
site (Kennedy Space Center, Edwards Air
Force Base), mission control gives the
command to come home.
SPACE SHUTTLE - RETURN TO
EARTH: RE-ENTRY AND LANDING
• Artist's
concept of
a shuttle reentry
SPACE SHUTTLE - RETURN TO
EARTH: RE-ENTRY AND LANDING
• Space
shuttle
orbiter
touching
down
SPACE SHUTTLE - RETURN TO
EARTH: RE-ENTRY AND LANDING
• Parachute
deployed
to help
stop the
orbiter on
landing
SPACE SHUTTLE - RETURN TO
EARTH: RE-ENTRY AND LANDING
• Orbiter
being
serviced
just after
landing
FUTURE SPACE SHUTTLE
• The current shuttle fleet has been through
about a quarter of its expected lifetime. These
shuttles have undergone and will have many
improvements to make them lighter, safer and
more efficient. Some of the improvements
include:
 ET - redesigned to reduce the weight by 7,500 lb
(3400 kg); This improvement allows the shuttle to
carry that much more weight in payload.
FUTURE SPACE SHUTTLE
 Main engines - pumps, combustion chambers and
nozzles have been redesigned for safety.
 SRB - improve the valves, seals, filters and propellant for
safety.
 Hydraulic systems - change from rocket fuel-powered
electric generators to safer, lighter, battery-powered
generators.
 Glass cockpit - lightweight LCD displays replaced
cumbersome mechanical displays and redesigned for
more efficient use.
FUTURE SPACE SHUTTLE
• Undoubtedly, the space shuttle computers will be
overhauled as computer technology improves.
Space shuttles may also have touchscreen controls
in the future.
FUTURE SPACE SHUTTLE
• The current space shuttle has four components, three of which
are recovered after each flight. The ET is discarded after each
use. But what if you could have a shuttle that was all one piece
and 100 percent recoverable? NASA is currently exploring
this idea with the X-33 and VentureStar designs.
FUTURE SPACE SHUTTLE
• Flightpath
of X Prize
concept:
Pablo De
Leon
CONCLUSION
• Nowadays, space tourism is
no longer in the realms of
science fiction, but science
fact.
• Today, if you enjoyed and
have money, you can do a
space world adventure.
THE END
DONE BY: NUNO ESTEVES