Transcript Dias nummer 1 - Aarhus Universitet

being in the bulls eye
Higher Education in
Latin America
…is the playing field level
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Economic and social development
are increasingly driven by the
advancement and application of
knowledge
Education in general — and tertiary
education and S&T in particular — are
fundamental to the construction of
knowledge economies
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
However, S&T systems in developing and
transition countries face persistent
problems of finance, efficiency, equity,
quality and governance
New challenges linked to rapid changes
in technology, communication and the
globalization of trade and labor
markets have amplified the traditional
problems of tertiary education and
research and development and S&T
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Global trends
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Composition of the global market for goods
1980
Alta
tecnología
11%
Con base
en
recursos
11%
Media
tecnología
22%
Baja
tecnología
21%
2000
High
technology
22%
Other
primary
products
13%
Otros
productos
primarios
34%
Varios
1%
Resource
based
11%
Miscellane
ous
4%
Medium
technology
32%
Low
technology
18%
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Global innovation hubs
Source: Hillner (2000) and UNDP (2001)
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Internet Hosts (pr 10,000 people, 2000)
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Higher Education Enrollment Ratio
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Some European
countries, ad especially the Caribbean and Africa,
Map 1. Percentage of expatriates to OECD countries
among all highly
skilledof
born
in the country
face significant emigration
rates
their
elites (sometimes
exceeding 50%) Source: OECD, Trends in International Migrations 2004
Cou ntry .s hp
Not av aila ble
1-3
4-8
9 - 19
20 - 83
Source: see Annex 1, Secretariat calculations based on Cohen and Soto (2001)
for highly skilled stocks in countries of origin.
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Internationalization of
Higher Education
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Internationalization
has important implications for inserting
future leaders and knowledge workers in
the global community and gaining equal
access to the rapidly increasing pool of
knowledge and know-how
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Key developments in
tertiary education in
Latin America
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Returns by level of education
Brazil (1982=100)
Source: Blom; Holm-Nielsen and Verner (2001)
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Tertiary
Upper secondary
Primary
Lower secondary
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Large increase in tertiary
enrollment
Tertiary gross enrollment rate
60
50
40
30
20
10
1995
Ho
nd
ur
as
il
Br
az
ad
or
El
Sa
lv
1985
M
1975
ex
ico
a
Co
lo
m
bi
1965
Pe
ru
Ur
ug
ua
y
Ar
ge
nt
in
a
Ch
ile
OE
C
D
0
2000
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Source: WDI 2003
Growth in private provision
Percent of total enrollment
Year
1985
2002*
75%-40%
Brazil
Colombia
Dom.
Republic
Brazil
Colombia
Chile
Dom.
Republic
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Peru
40%-30%
Chile
El Salvador
Peru
Venezuela
30%-20%
20%-10%
Less than 10%
Argentina
Guatemala
Paraguay
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Venezuela
Bolivia
Panama
Uruguay
Cuba
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Argentina
Guatemala
Mexico
Honduras
Bolivia
Panama
Uruguay
Cuba
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Source: Schwartzman (2002); World Bank (2002c and 2003); Zúñiga (2003); OECD (2002a) and García Gaudilla (1998)
What are the issues?
 Weak systems and institutional
management
 Lack of cohesion
 Inequitable participation
 Inefficiency
 Low quality and relevance
 Weak national innovation systems
 Balance in financing tertiary education
 Brain Drain
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Weak systems and institutional
management
Short Cycle
Tertiary institutions
International
networks
Private
Universities
Tertiary
Education
System
Public
Universities
R&D
Institutes
Private
Sector
Government,
MINEDUC, etc.
 Low access to reliable and
relevant information
 Lack of accountability in use
of public subsidies
 Weak university management
and governance structures
 Insufficient capacity in MoEs
for sector oversight and
strategy
 Inadequate systemic coherence
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Potential actions
 Build transparent management information systems in
order to provide a solid basis for decision-making
 Consolidate capacity for real autonomy with
accountability by strengthening institutional
governance and professional management, and
manage by results
 Procure technical assistance to ministries of education
to consolidate adequate policy framework for tertiary
education, strengthen long-term evaluation and
planning, and manage by results
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Lack of cohesion
Secondary
and tertiary
institutions are not working
together to bridge gaps in
tertiary opportunities
Skill level
University
Educational dead-end
Weak
Learning
gap
Short cycle
tertiary
education
Low quality
Secondary
linkages between
universities and non-university
tertiary institutions
No
systems for the transfer of
academic credits
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Potential actions
 Motivate and enable poor and socially
excluded students to complete secondary
education and achieve academic excellence
 Strengthen linkages between university and
non-university sub-systems by bridging
between short and long cycle programs
 Support mechanisms for the transfer of
academic credits, e.g. by promoting modulebased curricula design (Bologna like process)
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Inequitable participation
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Q1/2
Q3
Q4
Q5
ain
Sp
a
in
en
t
A
rg
U
SA
Ch
ile
do
ne
sia
Co
lo
m
bi
a
In
Br
az
il
M
ex
ico
0%
 TE still elitist
with the majority
of students coming
from the
wealthiest
segments of
society
 Inadequate
student aid for
poor students
 Not enough
opportunities in
regions
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS
MUNDUS
Source: World Bank (2002); ADB (2003); Del Bello (2002); Delannoy (2000); US Census Bureau (2002) and Chronicle of Higher
Education (2003)
Note: Calculations for the United States are based on the characteristics of freshmen at 4-year colleges in fall 2002
group, August 29, 2006
Potential actions
 Making student loans available to academically bright, but
financially needy students while promoting performance
in cost-recovery and administrative efficiency
 Using income-contingent loan schemes to help lowincome families to overcome the lack of collateral and fear
of defaulting on traditional ‘mortgage-style’ student loan
debt
 Supporting tertiary education in regions with links to local
needs and as stepping stone towards advanced education
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Inefficiency (Argentina)
1.400.000
1,193,003
1.200.000
Alumnos declarados
1.000.000
765.066
800.000
1ó+ Materias
Aprobadas en t-1
600.000
616.669
2ó+ Materias Aprobadas
en t-1 (Regulares)
400.000
286,488
Ingresantes declarados
200.000
47.413
Egresados
2002
2000
1998
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
0
 High drop-out
rates,
repetition, low
graduation and
extended cycles
 Few financial
incentives to
improve
learning
outcomes and
efficiency
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Potential actions
 Consolidate monitoring and evaluation
systems and ensure reliable statistical data
 Support for degree structure and curricular
redesign
 Link public resource allocation with objective
performance and outcome criteria through
performance contacts and competitive
funding
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Low quality and relevance
Professors with PhDs
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
bi
a
lo
m
Co
ela
ex
ic
o
M
av
e
en
ez
u
ra
ge
V
LA
rg
A
C
en
ti n
a
il e
Ch
az
il
Br
U
K
0%
 Insufficient
qualifications and
mobility of university
professors
 Too little innovation of
teaching
methodologies and
curriculum
 University graduates
do not meet the skills
needs in the economy
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Source: Brunner (2002), World Bank (2002); UK Higher Education Statistics Agency Individualized Staff Record 2001/02; García Gaudilla (1998) and Schwartzman and Balbachevsky (1996)
Potential actions
• Promote the use of quality assurance mechanisms
with external peer-review
• Strengthen graduate programs, and establish
financial and promotional incentives for teachers to
perform
• Establish institutional strategies for staff renewal
• Upgrade teaching facilities, learning materials and
research equipment
• Develop competency-based curricula emphasizing
‘learning to learn’ methodologies
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Weak national innovation systems
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
Mexico
Venezuela
Brazil
Argentina Colombia
Chile
Sweden
Australia
Finland
 Low production and
mobility of PhDs
and post-docs
 Inward orientation
of university
researchers
 Lack of incentives to
commercialize
research and solve
real-life problems
 Red tape impeding
partnerships and
cross-sectoral
mobility
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2003
Potential actions
 Improve graduate education in areas of high
importance to the economy
 Establish programs for the insertion of doctoral
students and young researchers into industry
 Strengthen ties between universities and industry by
promoting cooperative research
 Provide incentives for universities to commercialize
innovations
 Promote the participation in international knowledge
and research networks
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Financing tertiary education
2.5%
Investments in tertiary
education, 1999
 Strong market for
tertiary education
 Comparatively low
level of public funding
 Risk of volatility and
inadequate attention
to public priorities
and national needs
% of GDP
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Public subsidies
Source: OECD (2002) and World Bank (2002)
Private sources
Total
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Potential actions
 Create a transparent market for tertiary
education, e.g. by supporting accreditation,
the collection of data on labor market
outcomes, and monitoring & evaluation
 Link public resource allocation directly with
objective performance and outcome criteria
through performance based funding
agreements (contracts) for core budget
 Competitive grants for investment and
innovation allocations
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
U
ni
te
ni d S
te
d tat
Ki es
ng
d
G om
er
m
an
Fr y
a
Au nce
st
ra
lia
Ja
p
Be an
lg
iu
C m
an
ad
a
Sp
ai
Au n
Sw s
it z tria
er
la
Sw nd
ed
en
It a
l
N Tu y
et
rk
he ey
rla
D nds
en
m
a
N rk
or
w
H ay
un
ga
ry
N
I
ew rela
Z e nd
al
an
Po d
la
n
C
ze Fi d
Ko ch nl
an
re
a, Rep d
Re ub
pu lic
bl
ic
o
M f
ex
Ic ico
el
an
d
U
Foreign Students
enrollment, source OECD 2003
500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
tz
er
l
Au and
st
ra
Au li a
s
Un B tria
i te el g
d
Ki iu m
ng
G do
er m
m
Sw any
ed
e
Fr n
an
De ce
nm
No a rk
rw
a
Ne Ir y
w ela
Un Zea n d
i te l an
d
d
St
a
Hu te s
ng
a
Ca r y
Ne n
th ad
er a
la
n
Ic ds
el
an
Cz
e c Tu d
h
r
Re key
pu
bl
i
Sp c
a
Fi in
nl
an
Ja d
pa
n
Ita
Po l y
Ko
la
re
a,
M nd
Re ex
pu ic o
bl
ic
of
Sw
i
%
Foreign Students
% of enrollment, Source OECD 2003
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Brain Drain
Source: Wodon (2003)
Central America
South America
Chile
Brazil
0%
5%
10%
15%
Secondary
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Tertiary
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Balance in International
Mobility?
 Foreign trained physicians: US-- 27%,
Australia -- 21.4% , Canada -- 20%,
Switzerland 19.1%, 12.6% UK
 Overseas trained nurses per year in UK:
1998 -- 3,621, 1999 -- 5945……., 2004
-- 15,064
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Potential actions
 prioritize internationalization at the political
agenda, and develop a proactive
internationalization agenda
 aim at balance in exchange of students and
knowledge workers by attracting foreign
students or skilled nationals from abroad,
including from within the region
 develop adequate strategies for LA countries
to reap the full benefits of the GATS
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006
Universities
in the bulls eye
thanks for the invitation
[email protected]
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
ERASMUS MUNDUS group, August 29, 2006