Transcript Folie 1 - Uni

Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
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Introduction to Communication
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The Basic model of Communication
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Encoding and Decoding
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Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
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Factors of Verbal Communication by Jacobson
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Model of Speech Circuit by de Saussure
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Bühler`s Organon Model
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``The Four Sides Model`` by Schulz von Thun
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Behavioristic Model by Bloomfield
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Shannon & Weaver`s Transmission Model
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Conclusion
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Introduction to Communication
Definition of communication:
The process of creating and sharing meaning through the
transmission and exchange of signs. This process requires
interaction within oneself, between people, or between people and
machines.
Definiton of model of communication:
A model of communication is a consciously simplified description of
a communication process which is usually expressed in graphic
form as a diagramm showing the elements of the process and how
they relate to each other.
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
The Basic Model of Communication
sender
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message
receiver
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Encoding and Decoding
sender
sends information
feelings,
experience,
experience,
feelings,
history,
history,
expectations,
fears
of individual inner life
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receiver
expectations,
fears
of individual inner life
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
In our society nonverbal communication takes place in different
situations:
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Expressing emotion
Expression of interpersonal attitude
Zeremonies or rite
Compensation for language
Component of commercials and politics
Watzlawick`s first theorem: ``You cannot not communicate``
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Congruent or incongruent communication
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
• Language should not be discussed without
having a look on it`s functions
• Structuralism: language as a system
• Sender/ receiver model by Roman Jacobson
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
• referential function (denotative)
refers to the context of the message
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
• Expressive function (emotive)
refers to the sender
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
• Conative function (appelative)
refers to the receiver
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
• Phatic function
Refers to the channel
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
• Metalinguistic function
refers to the used code
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
• Poetic function
refers to the aethetic part of the message
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
de Saussure‘s Model of Speech Circuit
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
de Saussure`s Model of Speech Circuit
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Ferdinand de Saussure: linguist from Geneva
Communication as simultaneous process
2 elements: Phonation and Audition
PHONATION: Concept Acoustic image
AUDITION: Acoustic image Concept
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
de Saussure‘ s Model of Speech Circuit
• can be split into five steps (psychic, psycho-physical or physical)
• step three can be seen as a symmetry axis where the process of
communication is mirrored
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Bühler`s Organon model
• „Language is a tool one uses to tell the other about something“
• In a model of signs, every part gets its meaning from the relation to
other signs of the system
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
``The
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four sides model`` by Friedemann Schulz von Thun
factual side
appeal side
relation side
self revelation side
Watzlawick`s second theorem says that every communication has an aspect
of content and relation, as such as relation determines the content and is
therefore metacommunication.
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
The behavioristic model by Bloomfield
• Human actions (language as well) are caused by outer influences
• Stimulus -------------- response
• The verbal act of communication connects two nonverbal events
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s TransmissionModel
• Shannon&Weaver: engineers working for an American phone
company
• Goal: ensure maximum efficiency of phone cables and radio waves
• very popular model
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
The original model consists of 5 elements:
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
Also:
input intended message
output received message
Noise: “Any inference with the message travelling along the channel
which may lead to the signal received being different from that sent.“
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model
Moles: Communication can only take place succesfully if sender and
receiver share a common code.
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
Advantages:
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-simplicity
-generality
-quantifiabiltiy
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model
Do you think that transmission models are appropriate to represent
natural human communication?
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
Transmission Models tend to neglect many aspects of human
communication
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
Transport metaphor
Communication consists of a sender sending a package of
information to a receiver
“conveying meaning“, “getting the idea across“, “transferring
information“
But isn‘t communication a bit more than transferring
information?
Ref. Jacobson
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
No opportunity for interaction between sender and receiver
Both are fixed on their roles
Ref.: de Saussure who considers communication as a simultaneous
process
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model
Transmission models assume that meaning automatically is
contained in the message
Ref.: Four Sides Model
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model
No allowance for social, situational, cultural etc context
But: communication appears to be impossible without context
Relationship: different communication with a friend or a superior
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
Different medium can imply different purposes
letters, text messages, e-mail, phone call, spoken communication
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Conclusion
Transmission Model fails to cover all aspect of human
communication
But: the other models as well can only represent fragments
Any model achieves to represent these complex correlation in
a whole
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Bibliography
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Burton, G., Dimbleby, R. (1992), More Than Words: An introduction to
communication. Routledge: London, New York
Herkner, Werner (1991), Sozialpsychologie. Hans Huber: Bern, Stuttgart,
Toronto
Pelz, H. (2000), Linguistik: eine Einführung. campe paperback: Hamburg
Chandler, D. , http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/trans.html#A ,
21.04.02
Gibbon, D. , http://coral.lili.unibielefeld.de/classes/summer96/Textdesc/funslides/node2.html , 24.02.02
http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/1fb/html/text/6-2.html , 16.04.02
http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/1fb/html/text/6-1.html , 16.04.02
http://www.stangltaller.at/ARBEITSBLAETTER/KOMMUNIKATION/default.html , 21.04.02
29 April 2002
Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002
Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser