Transcript Ancient Rome - Regents Review

ISS WH9
The Geography of Rome
The Land and Peoples of Italy
• Italy is a peninsula extending about 750
miles from north to south.
• Not very wide (average 120 miles across)
• The Apennine mountain range forms a
ridge running from north to south, dividing
west from east.
• Fairly large fertile plains, ideal for farming
• Geography played important role in
development of Rome
• The Apennines are less rugged than the
mountain ranges of Greece
• Mountains did not divide the Italian
Peninsula into many small isolated
communities.
• Italy had more land for farming than
Greece, its agriculture could support a
large population.
Apennine Mountains
• Location of the city of Rome was favorable
to early settlers
• Located 18 miles inland on the Tiber river,
Rome had a route to the sea
• Was far enough inland to be safe from
pirates
• City was built on seven hills, could be
easily defended.
• Good central location in Italy from which to
expand.
• Groups of Indo-European peoples moved
into Italy between 1500 and 1000 BC.
• Historians know little about these peoples.
• They do know one group was the Latins,
who lived in the region of Latium.
• The Latins were herders and farmers who
lived in small settlements on the tops of
Rome’s seven hills.
• After 800 BC, other people also began
settling in Italy (Greeks and Etruscans).
Italy in 750 BCE
Greeks settled in southern Italy
during period of colonization
(750-550 BC).
Cultural diffusion (alphabet, art,
sculpture, architecture, literature)
Etruscans were most influential
After 650 BC, Etruscans
expanded to north-central Italy
and came to control Rome itself
and most of Latium.
Influence of the Etruscans
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Romans borrowed Etruscan ideas
Dress (toga, short cloak)
Army formations
Arches, architecture
The Etruscans created great works of art including the
Bride and Bridegroom, or the Married Couple.
The Mythical Founding of
Rome:
Romulus & Remus
• Romulus is given the credit for founding
Ancient Rome – so legend has it. Children
in Roman schools were taught the story
and it became almost set in stone.
• Romulus and Remus were twin brothers.
• They were abandoned by their parents as
babies and put into a basket that was then
placed into the River Tiber.
• The basket ran aground and the twins
were discovered by a female wolf.
• The wolf nursed the babies for a short time
before they were found by a shepherd.
The shepherd then brought up the twins.
• When Romulus and Remus became
adults, they decided to found a city where
the wolf had found them.
• The brothers quarreled over where the site
should be and Remus was killed by his
brother.
• This left Romulus the sole founder of the
new city and he gave his name to it –
Rome.
• The date given for the founding
of Rome is 753 BC.
Bellringer
• What geographical features of Italy
helped Rome develop into a superpower?
• Page 126-127 in your textbook
From Monarchy to Republic
• Early Rome (753 BC – 509 BC) was under
the control of seven kings, and two of the
last three were Etruscan
• In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew the last
Etruscan king and established a republic.
• Monarchy replaced by a type of
government called a Republic (we will
learn more about this later)
War and Conquest
• At the beginning of the republic, Rome
was surrounded by enemies.
• For the next 200 years, the city was in
constant warfare.
• 338 BC – Rome crushed Latin states in
Latium.
• For the next 50 years, the Romans fought
against people from central Apennines
and Rome was again victorious.
• These conquests gave Rome control over
a large part of the Italian Peninsula.
• It also brought Rome into direct contact
with Greek communities in southern Italy.
• By 264 BC, they had defeated the Greeks
and had conquered nearly all of Italy.
• To rule Italy, Romans devised the Roman
Confederation.
• Under this system, Rome allowed
conquered peoples (especially Latins) to
have Roman citizenship.
• Remaining communities were made allies.
• They were free to manage their own local
affairs, but were required to provide
soldiers for Rome.
• Local allies could improve their status by
becoming citizens.
Successful Strategies
• Early Romans were successful because of
their sense of duty, courage, and
discipline.
• Also, Romans excelled in military.
• Loss of an army or fleet only inspired them
to build new ones.
• As they conquered, Romans built colonies
throughout Italy.
• By building roads to these towns, Romans
could move troops quickly through their
territory.
Roman Political Structure
• Romans were ruled by kings under the
Etruscans.
• As a result they did not trust kingship and
set up a very different system of
government.
• Early Rome was divided into two groups:
• 1. Plebeians: farmers, merchants
craftspeople, less wealthy.
• 2. Patricians: wealthy land owners, ruling
class.
• Men in both plebeian and patrician classes
were citizens who paid taxes, owed military
service, and could vote
• Only patricians could be elected to
government.
• Two consuls, chosen every year, ran the
government and led the Roman army into
battle.
Praetor
• The praetor was a judge in
charge of civil law – laws that
applied to Roman citizens.
• As Rome’s territory expanded,
another praetor was added to
judge cases involving non
citizens.
Senate
• The Roman Senate held an important
role in the Roman Republic.
• It was a select group of 300 patricians
who served for life.
• Power of the senate grew from being an
advisory to eventually becoming a law
making body.
Struggle of the Orders
• Patricians and plebeians often had conflict
• Children of patricians and plebeians were
forbidden to marry
• Plebeians did not appreciate their lack of
rights, especially since they served in the
army that protected the Republic.
• Plebeians felt they deserved equality with
the patricians.
• 471 BC: council of plebs created,
assembly for plebeians only.
Roman Law
• One of Rome’s main contributions was its
system of law.
• Rome’s first code of laws was the Twelve
Tables, which was adopted in 450 BC.
• This code was made for a simple farming
society, and had to be reformed as Rome
expanded.
• From the Twelve Tables, Romans
developed a more sophisticated system of
Civil law.
Republican Government
2 Consuls
(Rulers of Rome)
Senate
(Representative body for patricians)
Tribal Assembly
(Representative body for plebeians)
The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
 Providing political and social
rights for the plebeians.
The Roman Forum
Rome’s Early Road System
Roman Roads:
The Appian Way
Roman Aqueducts
The Roman Colosseum
The Colosseum Interior
Circus Maximus
Carthaginian Empire
Hannibal’s Route
Reform Leaders
 Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
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the poor should be given grain
and small plots of free land.
Military Reformer
 Gaius Marius
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recruited an army from the poor
and homeless.
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professional standing army.
Civil War & Dictators
Julius Caesar
Pompey
Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC
The Die is Cast!
The First Triumvirate
 Julius Caesar
 Marcus Licinius Crassus
 Gaius Magnus Pompey
Beware the Ides of March!
44 BCE
The Second Triumvirate
 Octavian Augustus
 Marc Antony
 Marcus Lepidus
Octavian Augustus:
Rome’s First Emperor
The First Roman
Dynasty
Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE
The Greatest Extent of the
Roman Empire – 14 CE
The Rise of Christianity
St. Paul:
Apostle to the Gentiles
The Spread of Christianity
Imperial Roman Road System
The Empire in Crisis: 3c
Diocletian Splits the
Empire in Two: 294 CE
Constantine: 312 - 337
Constantinople: “The 2nd
Rome” (Founded in 330)
Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c
Attila the Hun:
“The Scourge of God”
Byzantium:
The Eastern Roman Empire
The Byzantine Empire
During the Reign of Justinian
The Byzantine Emperor
Justinian
The Legacy of Rome
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Republic Government
Roman Law
Latin Language
Roman Catholic Church
City Planning
Romanesque Architectural Style
Roman Engineering
• Aqueducts
• Sewage systems
• Dams
• Cement
• Arch