Transcript Why use Plumtree at IWMI?

POTENTIAL OF RAINFED
AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
International Water Management Institute
&
Central Research Institute for Dryland
Agriculture (ICAR), Hyderabad
Estimated partitioning of the increased
freshwater requirements between rainfed and
irrigated agriculture
Global analysis of over 100 agricultural
developmental projects found that yield
levels in projects focused on improving
rainfed agriculture has raised on average
by 100%, often several hundred percent,
while the comparable achievement in
irrigated projects was a yield increase of
only 10%. Under rainfed farming,
operating at a lower yield level, every
new investment results in a relatively
higher and more equitable yield response.
Range of rainfall variability across hydro-climatic zones
Annual P, PET and moisture deficit index for
different dryland stations of India
Stations
Ludhiana
P, mm
680.1
PET, mm
1359.9
MDI, %
-50.0
Hisar
N. Delhi
Jodhpur
428.4
660.1
366.0
1615.6
1658.7
1843.0
-73.2
-60.2
-80.1
Agra
Hyderabad
Anantpur
679.0
772.2
583.0
1467.2
1756.8
1857.1
-53.7
-56.0
-68.6
Rajkot
Akola
Indore
594.3
596.7
929.1
2144.6
1729.7
1813.2
-72.3
-65.5
-48.8
Rainfall partitioning in farming system in
semi-arid tropics.
Non-productive
evaporation
Half of the rainfall is generally “lost” to the atmosphere as non-productive
evaporation.
Drylands of India

Erratic rainfall
leading to frequent
drought events

Degraded lands

Resource poor
farmers

Small and
marginal
holdings

Lowering of
groundwater table
25 dryland centres and 25 Agromet centres work
on dryland technologies all over the country
Predominant Rainfed
Crops
RAKH DHIANSAR
Rice
я
46%
Groundnut
80%
Soybean
97%
Rapeseed mustard
36%
Sunflower
76%
Safflower
99%
Sesame
96%
Linseed
97%
Castor
96%
Pigeonpea
96%
Chickpea
78%
Blackgram
94%
Greengram
93%
Cotton
67%
Wheat
Sorghum
14%
91%
Pearlmillet
94%
Fingermillet
90%
Maize
76%
я
BALLOWAL - S
HISSAR
я
JODHUPUR
я
ARJIA
я
DANTIWADA
я
я
RAJKOT
AGRA
я
яFIZABAD
JHANSI
VARANASI
я
я
я
REWA
я
RANCHI
я
INDORE
PHULBANI
я
AKOLA
я
Pigeonpea
SOLAPUR
я
Blackgram
HYDERABAD
я
Greengram
я
BIJAPUR
BELLARY
я ANANTAPUR
я
BANGALORE
я
Rice
Wheat
Groundnut
Soybean
KOVILPATTI
Irrigated Area
Un accounted area
я
Sunflower
Castor
Rapeseed
Mustard
Horsegram
Chickpea
Cotton
Sorghum
Pearlmillet
Fingermillet
Maize
Fruits & Vegetables
Challenges of Rainfed Areas
 Drought and water scarcity is a constant threat
 Stubborn poverty & food insecurity
 Low rainwater use efficiency, low crop
productivity & high instability
 Land degradation & declining soil health
 Acute fodder shortage and poor livestock
productivity
Comparison of important characteristics of
predominantly rainfed and irrigated regions of India
Parameter
Rainfed
regions
Irrigated
regions
All
regions
Pop. density (p/km2)
163
297
230
Pro. of small farms,%
52
76
69
Poverty ratio, headcount, % 37
33
35
Land prod. INR/ha
5716
8017
6867
Labor prod. INR/ha
6842
9830
8336
Food grain con. kg/cap/a
260
471
365
Bank credit, INR/ha
1050
1650
1350
Infra. Dev. Index
0.30
0.40
0.35
Pro. of irri. area, %
15
48
42
Distribution of rainfed crop based production systems in
m
different rainfall zones
m
750
m
100
0
m
m
m
15 0 0 m m
500
0 0 mm
00 mm
10
15
75
Annual
rainfall (mm)
500
750
1000
1500
0m
m
Rice based
Cotton based
Coarse cereals based
Oilseeds based
Pulses based
Irrigated Area
Per humid region
Seasonal and Annual Rainfall over India
Season
Rainfall (mm)
Percent of
Annual
Rainfall
Quantum of
Rainwater
(m. ha. m*)
94
9
52
Monsoon
(Jun – Sep)
851
78
296
Post-Monsoon
(Oct – Nov)
109
10
40
Winter
*
Million
hectare meters
(Dec
– Feb)
36
3
12
Annual
1091
Pre-Monsoon
(Mar – May)
400
• Any region which has less than 30% irrigated area through
major/ minor/ groundwater irrigation is considered to be as
rainfed and the agriculture practiced is “Rainfed Agriculture”
• Water management ranges from in-situ conservation to
drainage and ex-situ water harvesting for supplemental
irrigation
• Watershed based water management is backbone for overall
land productivity improvement
• Rainfed Agriculture covers all the climates and several annual/
perennial crops; thus encompasses a range of agro-eco-regions
• Contribution to food production 44%
• Supports 40% of population and 2/3 of livestock
India- Rainfed Region
Geographical area
328.7 m.ha
Net cultivated area
161.8 m.ha
Net Rainfed area
141.7 m.ha
Net Irrigated area
50.1 m.ha
Irrigated area (> 30% irrigation)
Rainfed area (< 30% irrigation )
Change in area, irrigation and productivity:
Coarse Cereals
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Coarse cereals 1970-73
Coarse cereals 1992-95
Coarse cereals 19982001
0.59
Total area, m
ha
Irri. Area, %
65.4
6.1%
0.98
1.04
Yield, t/ha
Change in area, irrigation and productivity:
Oilseeds
30
25
20
Oilseeds 1970-73
15
Oilseeds 1992-95
Oilseeds 1998-2001
10
5
57.0
0
0.52
Tot. Area, M Ha
Irri. Area, %
0.82
5.8%
0.87
Yield, t/ha
Change in area, irrigation and productivity:
Pulses
25
20
Pulses 1970-73
15
Pulses 1992-95
10
Pulses 1998-2001
5
18.6
0
0.50
Total area, m ha
Irri. Area, %
0.59
2.4%
0.60
Yield, t/ha
Change in area, irrigation and productivity:
Rice
60
50
40
Rice 1970-73
30
Rice 1992-95
Rice 1998-2001
20
10
66.6
0
1.11
Total area, m ha
Irri. Area, %
1.85
4.86%
1.94
Yield, t/ha
Early Drought
Probability of consecutive 3 dry weeks
from July 1st Week
Probability (%)
Terminal Drought
Probability of consecutive 3 dry weeks
from September 2nd Week
Probability (%)
Identification of Rainfed districts
Priority 1
•AESR 3-13
•Districts constituting top 85% area
Priority 2
•Districts with irrigation except canal irrigated (Future)
Delineation of Sunflower Districts
Selection Criteria
No. of
Districts
Area under
Sunflower
(‘000 ha)
Area under
Rainfed
Sunflower
(‘000 ha)
Gross
Cropped
Area
(‘000 ha)
Yield
(kg/ha)
Rainfed States (13)
224
1630
1246
120243
492
AESR 3-13
179
1406
1075
97692
531
Cumulative 85%
Rainfed Sunflower
Area
11
1143
902
12067
441
State Name
District Name
Karnataka
Bijapur,Gulbarga,Raichur,Dharwad
Maharastra
Ahmednagar,Solapur,Osmanabad,Beed,Parbhani,Nanded
Delineation of Rainfed Soybean Districts
Selection criteria
No. of
districts
Area under
Soybean
(‘000 ha)
Area under
Rainfed
Soybean
(‘000 ha)
Gross
Cropped
Area
(‘000 ha)
Yield
(kg/ha)
Rainfed states (13)
202
3666
3574
112689
532
AESR 3-13
160
3483
3391
90863
569
2857
2843
11217
911
Cumulative 85% Rainfed 21
Soybean Area
State Name
District Name
Madhya Pradesh Ujjain,Sehore,Mandsaur,Betul,Ratlam,Seoni,Narsinghpur,Vidisha,Shajapur,
Hoshangabad, Dhar,Indore,Dewas,Chhindwara, Sagar, Guna, Raisen
Maharastra Nagpur
Rajasthan Jhalawar , Chittorgarh
Analysis of district/Sub-agro climatic region wise deficits of effective
rainfall in meeting the water requirements of important crops at
different time periods of crop growth.
Water balance analysis
•Climatic water balance
•Crop Water balance
•FAO Crop water balance was carried out for each
district for dominant crops with dominant soil
type and water holding capacity.
Not considered the spatial variability with in soil. Ideally, the model
should be run for the crop covered area with underlying soil properties.
Constraint: Distribution of cropped area changes across the district during
different years.
Sowing is supposed to be completed with normal onset of
monsoon. Normal crop duration was assumed.
Results include crop wise and AESR wise surplus/deficit during
the crop growing season.
FAO standard crop coefficients were used.
Surplus was estimated after deleting districts with surplus of
50mm and those districts with runoff less than 10% of rainfall.
Assumption: The above surplus can reasonably utilised through
in-situ moisture conservation practices.
Dominant districts for Sunflower
60
50
45
PPT
PE
Bijapur
40
PPT
PE
40
30
PPT/PE
PPT/PE
35
Gulbarga
50
25
30
20
20
15
10
10
5
0
0
week
week
35
50
45
30
40
PPT/PE/WR
PPT/PE/WR
25
20
15
10
5
Bijapur
AWHC=150.00mm
PPT
PE
WR
0
35
30
25
20
15
Gulbarga
AWHC=150.00mm
10
5
PPT
PE
WR
0
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Week
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Week
33
34
35
36
37
38
Dominant districts for Cotton
70
80
PPT
PE
Yeotmal
70
60
50
PPT/PE
50
PPT/PE
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
0
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
10
week
week
80
70
PPT
PE
WR
70
60
50
50
40
30
20
10
PPT
PE
WR
60
PPT/PE/WR
PPT/PE/WR
PPT
PE
Amaravathi
60
40
30
20
Yeotmal
AWHC=150.00mm
10
0
2223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647
Week
Amravati
AWHC=150.00mm
0
23 2425 26 27 28 2930 31 32 3334 35 36 3738 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 4647 48
Week
Surplus, m ha.m
Crop
CAR('000 ha)
Sunflower
98
Soyabean
2691
Sorghum
3013
Sesamum
1080
Pigeonpea
1835
Pearlmillet
1818
Maize
2443
Linseed
590
Kharif Rice
6329
Greengram
458
Groundnut
1663
Fingermillet
303
Chickpea
3006
Cotton
3218
Castor
28
Total
28572
28.5 m.ha
Surplus,ha-m
11811
1255348
771659
416639
659325
359991
771892
306362
4121851
80134
342674
153850
1304683
757575
14490
11328284
11.3 m.ha.m
Surplus, m ha.m
AESR
2.4
4.1
4.3
4.4
5.1
5.2
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
7.2
8.1
8.2
8.3
9.1
9.2
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
11
12
12.1
12.2
Grand Total
CAR(,000 ha)
530
2362
983
998
452
4493
172
2098
3305
470
343
6
90
130
158
872
2764
674
1150
1003
181
2520
2277
383
28572
surplus,ha-m
40441
366145
298602
380745
58554
1411290
56474
451522
648721
259984
42660
907
23021
30418
53123
333706
1812032
247583
576954
659655
99047
1633259
1761208
82232
11328284
Deficit
Crop
Cotton
Chickpea
Groundnut
Greengram
Linseed
Pearlmillet
Pigeonpea
Sesamum
Sorghum
Sunflower
Total
CAR
689
68
1433
34
15
181
72
42
123
272
2930
defi,ha-m
102221
3560
114478
1330
1369
6302
4330
343
1284
8878
244095
AESR Defi,ha-m
3
87673
4.1
70595
6.1
31714
7.1
26153
7.3
13631
8.3
14329
CAR
836
373
699
404
218
244
Drought Years
Case studies were carried out for few dominant districts of
Andhra pradesh covering Rayalaseema, Telengana and Coastal
Andhra regions.
Crop Water balance model was run for those dominant
districts with predominant soil type for different years ranging
from 1966 onwards.
Normal years and moderate drought years were separated
based on IMD declaration for meteorological subdivision.
Assumed that the those districts falling in that met divisions
were all affected by drought.
Runoff was calculated for total crop season and for the period
of SMW of 35-40 weeks which could be harvested for
supplemental irrigation.
2/3 of runoff during SMW 35-40 could be utilised for
supplemental irrigation.
85% application efficiency was considered.
Surplus,mm
District Crop
Adilabad Cotton
Adilabad Cotton
Year
Normal
Drought
SRF
1101
825
WR
644
644
WU SURPLUS 9mm) SURP_3540 (mm) WU Range
600
487
128
492-644
551
269
52
434-626
District
Crop
Adilabad
Cotton
Adilabad
Cotton
Adilabad
maize
Adilabad
maize
Adilabad
PPEA
Adilabad
PPEA
Adilabad
SESA
Adilabad
SESA
Anantapur GNUT
Anantapur GNUT
Guntur
Castor
Guntur
Castor
Guntur
Cotton
Guntur
Cotton
Guntur
PPEA
Guntur
PPEA
Guntur
SESA
Guntur
SESA
MNAGAR
Castor
MNAGAR
Castor
MNAGAR
GNUT
MNAGAR
GNUT
MNAGAR
GREN
MNAGAR
GREN
MNAGAR
PPEA
MNAGAR
PPEA
NALGONDA Castor
NALGONDA Castor
NALGONDA GNUT
NALGONDA GNUT
NALGONDA GREN
NALGONDA GREN
NALGONDA PPEA
NALGONDA PPEA
WARANGALCastor
WARANGALCastor
WARANGALGNUT
WARANGALGNUT
WARANGALGREN
WARANGALGREN
WARANGALMAIZE
WARANGALMAIZE
WARANGALSESAMUM
WARANGALSESAMUM
Year
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
SRF
1101
825
975
711
1089
800
937
691
386
170
729
598
769
633
729
598
544
387
731
567
670
545
418
283
731
567
673
545
611
506
344
276
673
545
873
604
815
534
565
335
754
476
709
478
WR
644
644
397
397
525
525
351
351
478
478
558
558
653
653
538
538
360
360
513
513
401
401
252
252
499
499
555
555
446
446
286
286
536
536
566
566
449
449
286
286
407
407
350
350
WU
600
551
388
369
505
473
340
333
253
139
497
471
567
539
485
471
317
295
472
435
365
342
220
209
460
433
469
465
371
351
229
215
461
461
523
507
412
409
255
259
381
383
325
325
SURPLUS SURP_3540
487
128
269
52
463
104
286
52
528
129
296
52
453
112
272
53
75
51
0
0
166
53
46
4
173
50
42
4
183
60
51
5
130
70
19
18
223
67
104
44
222
99
121
75
115
0
38
0
240
69
113
44
169
82
52
37
168
102
73
55
59
0
10
0
181
85
60
38
285
67
36
16
282
94
33
33
182
0
0
0
261
45
22
13
252
57
43
43
Water Use is proportional to Yield
Difference in yield increase between drought to normal year is
linearly proportional to difference in yield.
Incremental yield per mm of water is estimated. Based on runoff,
harvestable runoff for supplemental irrigation is estimated and
increase in production is also estimated.
Dsitrict
Crop
Year
Adilabad
Adilabad
Adilabad
Adilabad
Cotton
Cotton
maize
maize
Normal
Drought
Normal
Drought
WU
600
551
388
369
SURP_3540 Rice
equivalent
yields
128
331
52
282
104
1018
52
863
Harvestable Increase CAR('000ha) Production Normal Increase in
runoff,mm in yield,
(million Productio production,
kg
tonnes) n, m.t %
72
29
30
158
5
45
11
58
29
234
17
4
14
27
Possibility of increase in production during Drought years
District
Crop
Year
Adilabad
Adilabad
Adilabad
Anantapur
Guntur
Guntur
Guntur
MNAGAR
MNAGAR
NALGONDA
WARANGAL
WARANGAL
Cotton
maize
SESA
GNUT
Castor
Cotton
SESA
Castor
GNUT
GNUT
GNUT
MAIZE
Drought
Drought
Drought
Drought
Drought
Drought
Drought
Drought
Drought
Drought
Drought
Drought
Harvestable Increase CAR('000ha) Production Normal Increase in
runoff,mm in yield,
(million
Productio production,
kg
tonnes)
n, m.t
%
29
30
158
5
45
11
29
234
17
4
14
27
30
0
22
0
3
0
0
0
685
1050
0
2
5
7
0
1
3
2
19
160
3
152
2
10
172
13
2
4
51
25
35
103
4
55
7
42
840
122
103
133
77
31
591
43
26
74
35
19
513
50
26
101
25
7
0
21
0
26
0
During drought years production can be enhanced
in medium to high rainfall areas with more
certainity. Response from Medium to Deep soils
would be higher.
During normal years, cropping intensity can be
enhanced by provision of one irrigation at the time
of sowing in rabi season.
Supplenmental irrigation can be given to low to
medium deep soils in high to medium rainfall zones.
Stability of production can be ensured during
normal years from shallow depth soils also.
IRS-P6 LISS-III data showing spatial distribution of COTTON crop
in Nagpur district (Oct. 11, 2004)
Area: 78000 ha
Probable dryspell analysis at flowering stage
Probable dryspell analysis at flowering stage
Yield gap analysis
Crop : Cotton
District
Yieldgap
Guntur Prakasam
33-66%
Adilabad ,Ahmedabad, Akola ,Amravati
Aurangabad Baroda Belgaum Broach Buldhana
Chandrapur Dewas Dharwad Dhule Jalgaon Jalna
Khandwa Khargone Kurnool Mehsana Nagpur
Nanded Parbhani Raichur Shimoga Wardha Yeotmal
More than 66%
Maize
District
Yield gap
Adilabad, Ambala, Bastar, Chhindwara ,Chittorgarh
,Dumka ,Etah ,Farukkabad Gurdaspur ,Hoshiarpur
,Kanpur (Dehat), Khargone Mandla, Mandsaur,
Medak, Nizamabad, Roopnagar ‘Sabarkantha
Shajapur
33-66%
Dharwad ,Karimnagar, Mysore Shimoga
Less than 33%
Ballia, Banswara, Betul, Bhilwara Bilaspur
Buduan ,Bundi ,Dewas, Dhar ,Dhule ,Dungarpur
Ganjam Guna Hardoi Hazaribagh Indore Jaunpur
Jhabua ,Jhalawar, Kaira ,Kalahandi, Keonjhar
Kheri, Koraput ,Kota, Lalitpur, Palamu ,Panch
Mahals
Phulbani ,Ratlam ,Saharanpur, Shahdol ,Shivpuri
,Sidhi
Sitapur ,Surguja, Tonk, Udaipur ,Unnao
More than 66%
Supplemental irrigation through Water harvesting
Rainfall
Soils, AWHC
Response to SI
during normal
year
Response to SI
during normal
year
Low
Low
WH not
possible
WH not
possible
Low
Medium
WH not
possible
WH not
possible
Low
High
WH not
possible
WH not
possible
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium
Good
WH not
possible
Medium
High
Average
Good
High
Low
Good
Good
High
Medium
Average
Good
High
High
WH not
possible
Average
Assessment of the response of other production inputs
use such as fertilizer, high-yielding variety use of major
rainfed crops
Rain water harvesting and recycling – Farm pond - lined with
local material
Improving the productivity of groundnut + pigeonpea
intercropping system through
supplemental irrigation – Anantapur in a drought year
Effect of different amounts of supplemental
irrigation during drought stress at
pod development stage of groundnut Anantapur
Supplemental irrigation improves Tobacco grade
Treatment
T1 20 mm, one irrigation
Green
leaf
(kg/ha)
6858
Cured
leaf
(kg/ha)
1110
Bright
leaf
(kg/ha)
474
Bright
leaf
(%)
42.70
Grade
index
(kg/ha)
849
T2 30 mm, one irrigation
7238
1213
517
42.62
937
T3 30 mm two irrigation
(15 mm + 15 mm)
7254
1250
517
41.40
954
T4 40 mm one irrigation
7337
1238
529
42.70
962
T5 40 mm two irrigation
(20 mm + 20 mm)
7664
1283
548
42.70
990
T6 control (no irrigation)
5477
942
374
40.23
709
SEM 
240.69
65.72
33.60
52.20
CD at 5%
758.06
206.96
106.02
164.43
5.98
9.70
11.82
10.04
CV (%)
Soil Water Conservation
Surplus Index
Possible Options
<12
In-situ conservation (I)
12-25
In-situ conservation (I) and Water Harvesting (WH)
>25
Drainage (D), In-situ conservation (I) and Water Harvesting
Crop Management Options
Yield Gap
Possible Options
<33
Non monetary inputs (NMI) and improved varieties (V)
33-66
Non monetary inputs (NMI), Fertilizer Management (F) and Improved
Varieties (V)
>66
Improved Varieties (V), Fertilizer Management (F), Plant protection
measures (PP), Non monetary inputs (NMI) or shifting alternate land
uses
Viability of Water Harvesting in different Climatic
Zones
Climatic zone
Rainfall
Possibility
Hyper arid
<100 mm
Too dry for viable runoff farming (P/PET <
0.3) like in desert areas
Arid
100-500 mm
Runoff farming is possible (P/PET
0.03 – 0.2)
Semi-arid
500-1000 mm
Runoff farming is practicable (P/PET 0.02 –
0.5)
Sub-humid
>1000mm
Combine runoff farming with shallow water
table/ Choes/ Springs etc.) like in
Himalayan montane and sub-montane region
(P/PET > 0.5)
P/PET is ratio of Precipitation (rainfall) to Potential Evapo-Transpiration
Components of Rainwater Management in watershed Mode
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In-situ conservation
Grade line Bund
Drainage line treatment
Water harvesting & utilization
Groundwater recharge
Agro Climatic Zone
Rainfall (mm)
Order of components
Arid
100-500
1, 3
Dry Semi-arid
500-750
2, 1, 3, 5
Wet Semi-arid
750-1000
2, 3, 4, 5, 1
Sub-humid
1000-2500
3, 4, 2, 1, 5
Per-humid
>2500
3, 4, 2, 1
Potential of replacement of dryland crops with other high
production/value crops and diversification of agriculture
Intercropping system is stable with pigeonpea
States
Intercropping system
Base crop +
Pigenonpea
yield(kg/ha)
Land Equivalent
Ratio
Jharkhand
Maize + pigeonpea (3)
2103+616
1.77
Jharkhand
Groundnut + pigeonpea (3)
1245+525
1.73
Jharkhand
Rice + pigeonpea (4)
1427+456
1.65
Maharastra
Pearl millet + pigeonpea (8)
336+351
1.64
Maharastra
Sunflower + pigeonpea (7)
288+434
1.60
Andhra Pradesh
Groundnut + pigeonpea (7)
964+51
1.54
Karnataka
Groundnut + pigeonpea (5)
944+267
1.21
Karnataka
Finger millet + pigeonpea (5)
2102+250
1.13
Figures in parentheses are years of on-farm trials in Operational Research Project
Benefit-cost ratio
under different land use systems at Hyderabad
Farming system
Period
(years)
Benefit : cost ratio
Agri-horticulture
30
5.53
Silvi-pastoral
10
2.45
Silvi-agriculture
(with castor
intercrop)
10
1.99
Agro-forestry
(with sorghum +
pigeonpea)
10
1.65
Arable farming
1
1.34