Transcript No Slide Title

The Pernicious Impact of Climate
Change
A call for action-NOW!
A
Presentation
By
Dr. V.P.JAUHARI, IAS.
Chairman
And
Sanjay Gadhalay
CEO
Center For Climate Change and Environment Advisory
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
1
Lets all pray to the god’s that we do not let
down the future generations of inhabitants
of this planet as responsible custodians in
our avarice and greed to exploit what we
have on hand !
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
2
“Earth has enough
for everyone’s need
but not for
everybody’s greed”
MAHATMA GANDHI
An Overall Backgrounder
What you wanted to know but were
afraid to ask!
The Vexatious Carbon Cycle – Circle of life
Stake holders
Environment and the world
I/Me /myself
Us/Our society /friends /interdependents
The Elusive “Kyoto Protocol”
The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), an international
environmental treaty with the goal of achieving stabilization of greenhouse
gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
• The Kyoto Protocol establishes legally binding commitment for the
reduction of four greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, sulphur hexafluoride), and two groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons
and per fluorocarbons) produced by "annex I" (industrialized) nations, as
well as general commitments for all member countries.
• As of January 2009 183 parties have ratified the protocol, which was
initially adopted for use on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and which
entered into force on 16 February 2005.
• Under Kyoto, 36 industrialized countries agreed to reduce their collective
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
6
green house gas (GHG) emissions
by 5.2% from the level in 1990.
Kyoto…
• The reason for the lengthy time span between the
terms of agreement being settled upon and the
protocol being engaged( adopted for use on 11
December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and which
entered into force on 16 February 2005.) was due
to terms of Kyoto requiring at least 55 parties to
ratify the agreement and for the total of those
parties emissions to be at least 55% of global
production of greenhouse gases.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
7
Kyoto…what do they want?
• Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen from 280ppm
before the industrial revolution to around 387ppm today.
• Environmentalists say that any new global deal on climate
must restrict the growth of CO2 levels to 450ppm, though
more pessimistic scientists say that the world is heading
for 550ppm or even 650ppm.
• The only way to get to 350ppm or below is not only to
have major cuts in CO2 emissions but also to draw CO2
out of the atmosphere through measures.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
8
Kyoto –relative shares of damage …
China accounts for 16% of the total global
emissions annually and 3 tonnes per capita.
US @20% is comparable with China on an absolute
level but its per capita emissions are 20 tonnes.
India's contribution at @4% stands at a mere 1.1
tonne per capita and a meagre 4% in absolute terms
on an annual basis.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
9
Kyoto –Directive UNFCC
• UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change guidelines that developed countries
should cut emissions by 25-40 per cent from
1990 levels by 2020 to keep temperatures
below a 2 C rise.
• Else it’s a Loose Loose game –with the
developing countries being the most
effected !
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
10
• India and China, which have ratified the
Kyoto protocol, are not obligated to reduce
greenhouse gas production at the moment as
they are developing countries; i.e. they
weren't seen as the main culprits for
emissions
during
the
period
of
industrialization thought to be the cause for
the global warming of today
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
11
Key issues in Climate Change
Environmental
Personal
Social
Key issues in Climate Change
•
•
•
Air /Water/Soil /Forests
– Availability
– Quality
– Seasons /Monsoons
– Natural Disasters
Quality of life
– Water
– Food
– Health
– Infrastructure and Livelihood /vocational issues
– Safety
Social and Political issues
– Education and Awareness defining attitude
– Actions in Day to day Life
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
13
AIR POLLUTION
WHAT IS THE IMPACT ON
YOU ?
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
14
How the Poisons in the Air Affect You
Lead:
A toxic metal that’s present in normal
petrol and in the air as fine particles. Can
affect the central nervous system, cause
renal damage and hypertension. Children
are three times more at risk than adults.
Suspended Particulate Matter:
Particles of dust and carbon,
coated with toxic gases, all emanating
from factory emissions and vehicle
exhaust. They coat the lungs. Cause
respiratory infections, persistent cough
and throat irritation. Aggravate
asthma.
Carbon Monoxide:
Colourless and odourless, it comes from
petrol vehicles, mostly two and three
wheelers. Reduces the ability of blood to
carry oxygen. Exacerbates heart disorders.
A
Areas Affected
 Lungs
 Respiratory Tract
 Nose/Eyes
 Brain
 Kidney
 Entire body
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) :
Unburnt from diesel engines. Cause
drowsiness, eye irritation, cough and are
suspected to be cancer causing. There is no
such thing as a safety level for PAHs.
Sulphur dioxide:
Colourless gas that is a part of diesel
exhaust and factory emissions. Affects
upper respiratory tract. Causes bronchial
problems, nose blockage and a hacking
cough.
Benzene:
Cannot be seen, It’s part of unleaded petrol
and is emitted from catalytic converters. A
known carcinogen, it has been linked to
lung cancer and leukemia and is said to
damage the central nervous system. No
safe limit: there just shouldn’t be any
benzene around.
Oxides of Nitrogen:
Formed during fuel combustion in motor
vehicles and power stations. Convert to
nitrogen dioxide, which leads to bronchial
infections, clods, headaches and eye irritation.
A recent spurt in fibrosis cases in Mumbai has
been traced to these pollutants.
Air quality in Urban Centres is a matter of concern in India.
The graphs shows the status of major cities in India.
CHOKING ON DUST
LEVELS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
MATTER IN MICRO GRAMS/CU.M
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
.
DELHI
KANPUR
JAIPUR
AHMEDABAD
HYDERABAD
CALCUTTA
NAGPUR
MUMBAI
BANGALORE
CHENNAI
* NEERI Studies
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
16
Trends in Annual Average Concentration of SO2 in Residential
areas of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata
Trends in Annual Average concentration of NO2 in Residential
Areas of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkota
Trends in Annual Average concentration of RSPM in Residential
Areas of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkota
Total health cost due to ambient
air pollution in US$
TOTAL HEALTH COST
400000000
350000000
300000000
LOWER
250000000
UPPER
ESTIMATE
200000000
150000000
100000000
50000000
AGRA
VARANASI
KANPUR
DELHI
CALCUTTA
MUMBAI
AHMEDABAD
0
PER CAPITA HEALTH COSTS
ANNUAL HEALTH
COST PER CAPITA IN
US$
100
90
80
70
LOWER
60
50
UPPER
ESTIMATE
40
30
20
10
AGRA
VARANASI
KANPUR
DELHI
CALCUTTA
MUMBAI
AHMEDABAD
0
The dirty lungs of a patient from Delhi. The black spots shows deposition of
carbon almost like a miner’s lung. It is as if people of Delhi are living in a mine. It
shows that the person has been regularly inhaling polluted air with a lot of carbon
particles which can come from burning of coal or from vehicular exhaust. In
Delhi, diesel vehicles put out a lot of carbon soot and diesel use is nearly three
times that of petrol. Damage to lungs, however, comes not so much from the
carbon as much at it comes from exposure to sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and
fine particles (less than 2.5 microns) which are present in diesel exhaust in a big
way. If carbon from diesel exhaust is getting into the lungs as shown in this
picture, then so are the deadly elements of diesel and petrol.
The Dangers of Diesel usage
•Diesel is more polluting than Petrol.
•Diesel pollutes through Nox, So2 and SPM. 95-100%
pollution comes from this.
•Particles of less than 1 micron in size emitted by diesel is
coated with highly Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAH.)
Diseases Conclusively linked to Air pollution are :
Hypertension,
Renal (kidney) damage,
Asthama,
Cough,
Increased heart disorders,
Eye irritation,
Disorder in Central Nervous System,
Cancer,
Not much research is done on impacts ye but studies are
planned .
Indian Institute of Health and Family Welfare found soaring
levels of lead around Hyderabad/Secunderabad/Cyberabad
cities ranging between 17-32 microgram per decilitre.
This will eventually impact and effect in lower IQ of children.
Health costs due to ambient air pollution
levels exceeding WHO guidelines in Indian
cities
Physical
impacts
Premature deaths
Hospital and sickness requiring
medical treatment
Minor sicknesses (Including
restricted activity days and
respiratory symptom days)
Total
Cost
valuation
(million
US$)
40,351
170 - 1,615
19,800,00
25 - 50
1,201,300,000
322 - 437
--
517 - 2,102
Source: Carter Brandon and Kirsten Hommann. The Cost of Inaction;
Valuing the Economy-wide Cost of Environmental Degradation in
India, World Bank, Washington DC, mimeo.
WATER QUALITY
Most of rivers, lakes in the country are polluted –
Sources of pollution are
Industrial,
Domestic,
Agricultural runoff.
Available Water is deteriorating in quality due to:
Biological contamination of surface water sources,
Due to untreated or partially treated sewage,
exceeds permissible limits at many locations.
Overexploitation of ground-water,
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
26
WATER QUALITY ..contd
Around 85 per cent of the rural population of the
country uses groundwater for drinking and
domestic purposes.
High concentrations of
fluoride and arsenic in groundwater beyond the
permissible limits of 1.5 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l,
respectively poses health hazard.
In all, 19 states in India have been identified as
‘endemic’ areas for fluorosis, with an estimated 44
millions people impacted, and another 66 million at
risk. The scenario is the worst in the hard rock
terrain viz., granites.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
27
WATER QUALITY .contd 3
,
Arsenic is a known carcinogen and is highly toxic.
It is perhaps the only human carcinogen for which there is
adequate evidence of carcinogenic risk by both inhalation
and ingestion (Centeno et al. 2002; Chen & Ahsan 2004).
The occurrence of Arsenic in groundwater was first
reported in 1980 in West Bengal in India. Apart from West
Bengal, arsenic contamination in groundwater has been
found in the states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and
Assam.
Arsenic in groundwater has been reported in 15 districts
in Bihar, 9 district in Uttar Pradesh, 8 districts in West
Bengal and one district each in Chhattisgarh and Assam
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
28
Do you still want to have a glass of water
HAVE A GLASS
OF WATER
IT CONTAINS TRACES OF
TOXIC DICHLORO-DIPHENYL TRICHLOROETHANE (DDT) 203.00 ng/l
TOXIC BENZENE HEXA CHLORIDE (BHC)218.83 ng/l
TOXIC DIELDRIN 30.44 ng/l; CHROMIUM 0.01 ng/l
TOXIC ENDOESULFAN 51.30 ng/l
IRON 8.20 ng/l; NICKEL 0.02 ng/l; ZINC 0.60 ng/l; CADMIUM 0.01 ng/l
80% of the diseases are water born but pitiably Sewage is treated partially in only 3-5 tons in A.P.
waterstress is increasing due to wasteful water use, ground water depletion, pollution and improper
re-charging & harvesting schemes. This water famine/stress will double in next 30 years.
Annual Soil Loss
5,334 million tonnes
India has lowest per capita land availability in the World but still
losses it freely.
Lost to sea
29%
Deposited in dams
10%
Shifted about 61%
(much deposited in rivers)
The Land Loss-where
?
Estimated at National Level causes :
• Water logging 3.08 Million Ha
• Soil alkalinisation and salinisation 2.4 Million Ha
• Mining operations
• Large dams and urbanisation has diverted couple of millions of
hectares of agricultural land for non-agricultural purpose
• Mineral Mining … production (in rupees) has increased nearly 50 fold
in the last 30 years several million hectares of good crop and forest
lands have been destroyed by mining operations and hundreds of
villages have been depopulated
• Administration and Governance based :Absence of effective
afforestation and unscientific water and land management practices
under Command Areas of major projects
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
31
The Trend in
AP
• Closely tracks the National trend
• According to a World Bank study in India land degradation
accounts for between 4.0 percent and 6.3 percent
productivity loss in total agricultural output every year which amounts to US $1.5 - 2.4 billion.
• Irrigation projects and Water shed projects with political
rather than scientific rationale
• Command area of most of the large dams in A.P. are
increasingly becoming saline, waterlogged and alkaline
apart from reservoirs getting stilted up. This reduces their
life and lowers productivity of the land.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
32
FORESTS
ROLE:
 Filter the air and moderate local climate.
 Factors such as temperature, humidity, wind, speed and rainfall.
Store carbon which otherwise might contribute to global
warming.
 Affect flow of water on and in the ground.
 Serve as moisture reservoirs.
 Contribute to soil production and prevent soil erosion,
 Provide habitat for a huge range of living organisms.
 Provide much needed oxygen, timber, medicines.
 Help in preventing floods, drought, water logging, salinisation
and alkalisation.
Change in the Forest Cover of India
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
34
WATER BALANCE OF A NATURAL SHOLA FOREST
Rain
1345 mm
Transportation 540 mm (40%)
Role of Forests
Forests play an extremely important
role in controlling floods by

reducing and/or regulating water
runoff;

increasing infiltration of water into
the soil; and,

reducing soil erosion and landslides
Interception ( 35%)
Runoff 335 mm (25%)
Infiltration 217 mm/hr
NATURAL DISASTERS
FLOOD - PRONE AREA
(million hectares)
Government flood control
measures mainly consist of
dams and embankments.
All these efforts have failed
to control floods.
Dams have themselves
become an important
cause of floods.
Embankment have
disrupted the natural
drainage system in flood
plains.
Deforestation and siltation
of rivers has also
compounded problem.
SOCIAL IMPACT OF EMBANKMENTS
Embankments encourage human
occupation of the flood plains by
instilling a false sense of security.
When rivers in spate breach the
embankments a tidal wave hits
the villages nearby
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EMBANKMENTS
Unembanked river
Unembanked river in flood
Higher flood levels due
to reduced flood plain
and increased siltation
Embanked river in flood
Reduced natural fertility
Rise in river bed
The Causes of
Drought
Overexploitation of forests
Overexploitation of Grazing lands
Overexploitation of Ground water
Neglect of tanks
Inequitable distribution of
canal irrigation water
Drought is the
combined result of
the neglect and
over-exploitation
of common
environmental
resources essentially the
systems that
provided a cushion
against the
problems caused
by dry periods
Acute
Shortages
of Fodder
The Impact of Drought
Sharp Decline in
Agricultural
Production
Acute
Shortages
of Drinking
Water
Acute
Shortages
of Alternative
Occupations
Drought Prone Areas of India
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
41
States under Drought Prone Area Programme
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
42
Cyclones –A natural Disaster
common to the Coastal corridoor.
•Cyclone are another types of Natural disaster which is on the rise.
•They bring with them rising wind storms and inundation by tidal
waves.
•Coastal erosion gets aggravated due to this phenomena.
•Evidence of permanent land submergence along Indian coast is
substantial.
•The global warming is threatening permanent submergence of many
of the coastal cities of the world including India.
Climate Change
 Climate change reflects abnormal variation to hurt climate and
subsequent affect on other parts of the earth, such as in the ice
capes over duration ranging from decades to millions of years.
 In recent usage climate change usually refers to changes in
modern climate or global warming.
 Since industrial revolution began about 150 years ago, human
activities have added significant quantities of green house gases
to the atmosphere. This could lead to greater warming which in
turn can impact accelerated climate change.
Climate Change –GHG gasses
 Between Pre-industrial period and 2005, global
atmospheric concentration of GHG gasses increases
have been as follows :
Carbon dioxide : 280 ppm to 379 ppm,
Methane
: 715 ppb to 1774 ppb
Nitrous oxide
: 270 ppb to 309 ppb
Reference (IPCC 2007).
 IPCC Report 2007 predicts global temperature raise
by 2 - 4.5oC by the end of this century.
India’s share in Global CO2 Emissions
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
46
Possible impact of climate change on
India. Vulnerable
 Represent an additional stress on ecological and
socioeconomic systems that are already facing
tremendous pressures due to rapid urbanization,
industrialization and economic development.
With its huge and growing population, a 7500-km long
densely populated and low-lying coastline, and an
economy that is closely tied to its natural resource base,
India is considerably vulnerable to the impacts of climate
change.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
47
Possible impact of climate change
on India
The various studies conducted in the country have shown that:
•
The surface air temperatures in India are going up at the rate of 0.4oC
per hundred years, particularly during the post-monsoon and winter
season.
• Using predictive models, its concluded that mean winter temperatures
will increase by as much as 3.2oC in the 2050s and 4.5oC by 2080s,
due to Greenhouse gases.
• Summer temperatures will increase by 2.2oC in the 2050s and 3.2oC in
the 2080s.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
48
Possible impact of climate change
on India .. contd
•
Extreme temperatures and heat spells have already become common
across India specially in the plains of the North ,leading to loss of
human life.
•
In 1998 alone, 650 deaths occurred in Orissa due to heat waves.
•
Erratic Seasonal weather patterns
•
Delayed Monsoons
•
Floods and Droughts simultaneously in different parts of the Country. -
-Water wars in MP /UP droughts in Assam , floods in AP , Bihar
•
Food insecurity
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
49
Possible impact of climate change
on India .Cont...
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Climate change has had an effect on the Monsoons.
India and indian Economyu is heavily dependent on the monsoon to meet its agricultural
and water needs, keeping 70%of its population in Rural areas Employed enabling Social
Sustainability and also for protecting and propagating its rich biodiversity.
Subtle changes have already been noted in the monsoon rain patterns
by scientists at IIT, Delhi. They also warn that India will experience a decline in summer
rainfall by the 2050s,
summer rainfall accounts for almost 70% of the total annual rainfall over India and is
crucial to Indian agriculture.
Relatively small climatic changes can cause large water resource problems, particularly in
arid and semi-arid regions such as northwest India.
This will have an impact on agriculture, drinking water and on generation of hydro-electric
power.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
50
Possible impact of climate change
on India .Cont...
• Apart from monsoon rains, India uses perennial rivers, which originate
and depend on glacial melt-water in the Hindukush and Himalayan
ranges.
• Since the melting season coincides with the summer monsoon season,
any intensification of the monsoon is likely to contribute to flood
disasters in the Himalayan catchment.
•
Rising temperatures will also contribute to the raising of snowline,
reducing the capacity of this natural reservoir, and increasing the risk
of flash floods during the wet season.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
51
Possible impact of climate change
on India .Cont...
• Increased temperatures will impact agricultural production,
• Higher temperatures reduce the total duration of a crop cycle by
inducing early flowering, thus shortening the ‘grain fill’ period.
• The shorter the crop cycle, the lower the yield per unit area.
• A trend of sea level rise of 1 cm per decade has been recorded along
the Indian coast.
• Sea level rise due to thermal expansion of sea water in the Indian
Ocean is expected to be about 25-40 cm by 2050.
• This could inundate low lying areas, drown coastal marshes and
wetlands, erode beaches, exacerbate flooding and increase the
salinity of rivers, bays and aquifers.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
52
Possible impact of climate change
on India .Cont...
• Deltas will be threatened by flooding, erosion and salt
intrusion.
• Loss of coastal mangroves will have an impact on fisheries.
• The major delta area of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus
rivers, which have large populations reliant on riverine
resources will be affected by changes in water regimes, salt
water intrusions and land loss.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
53
Possible impact of climate change
on India .Cont...
• Increase in temperatures will result in shifts of lower
altitude tropical and subtropical forests to higher altitude
temperate forest regions, resulting in the extinction of
some temperate vegetation types.
• Decrease in rainfall and the resultant soil moisture stress
could result in drier teak dominated forests replacing sal
trees in central India.
•
Increased dry spells could also place dry and moist
deciduous forests at increased risk from forest fires.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
54
Possible impact of climate change
on India .Cont...
Health and Lifestyle
•
Medical Science suggests that the rise in temperature and change in humidity will
adversely affect human health in India.
•
Heat stress could result in heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heal stroke, and damage
physiological functions, metabolic processes and immune systems.
•
Increased temperatures can increase the range of vector borne diseases such as
malaria, particularly in regions where minimum temperatures currently limit pathogen and
vector development.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
55
India’s National Action Plan on
Climate Change –The mitigation plan
 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlines existing
and future policies and programmes addressing climate mitigation and
adaptation.
 The Plan was launched in the year 2008 and identifies eight core
National Missions through 2017 and directs Ministries to submit
detailed implementation plans to the Prime Minister’s Council on
climate change.
 There
is
a
thrust
towards
Collaborative
and
Integrative efforts to address these problems to resolve in a inclusive
manner
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
56
India’s National Action Plan on Climate
Change
 The eight core Missions are
 National Solar Mission
 National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
 National Mission on Sustainable Habitats.
 National Water Mission
 National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Eco System
 National Mission for a Green India
 National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
 National Mission on Strategic Knowledge acquisition and
propagation for Climate Change.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
57
The Ozone Hole
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
58
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
59
For nearly a billion years, ozone
molecules in the atmosphere have
protected life on Earth from the effects of
ultraviolet rays.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
60
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
61
Human Health impact of Ozone
layer Depletion
•The ozone layer resides in the stratosphere and surrounds the
entire Earth.
•
UV-B radiation (280- to 315- nanometer (nm)
wavelength) from the Sun is partially absorbed in this layer.
As a result, the amount of UV-B reaching Earth’s surface is
greatly reduced.
• UV-A (315- to 400-nm wavelength) and other solar
radiation are not strongly absorbed by the ozone layer.
•Human exposure to UV-B increases the risk of skin cancer,
cataracts, and a suppressed immune system.
• UV-B exposure can also damage terrestrial plant life, single
cell organisms, and aquatic ecosystems.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
62
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
63
The Global Total Ozone
Change
(graphical)
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
64
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
65
Estimated Ozone Change ..upto
2004
• Satellite observations show a decrease in global total ozone values
over more than two decades.
The graph compares global ozone values (annual averages) with the
average from the period 1964 to 1980.
• Seasonal and solar effects have been removed from the data.
On an average, global ozone decreased each year between 1980 and the
early 1990s.
• The decrease worsened during the few years when volcanic aerosol
from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991 remained in the stratosphere.
Now global ozone is about 4% below the 1964- to-1980 average.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
66
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
67
Estimated Ozone Change ..upto
2004
•The graph compares ozone changes between 1980 and 2004 for
different latitudes.
• The largest decreases have occurred at the highest latitudes in both
hemispheres because of the large winter/spring depletion in polar
regions.
•The losses in the Southern Hemisphere are greater than those in the
Northern Hemisphere because of the Antarctic ozone hole.
• Long-term changes in the tropics are much smaller because reactive
halogen gases are less abundant in the tropical lower stratosphere.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
68
Environmentally Sound and Sustainable Development
(ESSD)
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
69
GNP
A graphic presentation of the long term benefits accruing
from Environmentally Sound and Sustainable Development
(ESSD) as against the short-sighted perspective of current
development models.
Current
Development
Pattern
Environmentally
sound and
sustainable
development
Time
The Government Policy Rollout
What is the local administration and
governmental approach ? Understanding ?
Concern ?
Are we being served ?
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Environmental protection to be given higher priority
than now. Presently it accounts only 2% of the total plan
outlay.
1.
Environment policy is to be a statutory requirement.
2.
PCB need to be strengthened to have tighter
enforcement. It also need be allowed a free hand in
enforcing law against defaulters.
3.
Future industrial estates to be located only after
zoning exercise. Industrial estates should have
common conveyance and treatment and storage
facilities.
4.
Periodic assessment and reporting of state of
environment should be an important activity of Govt.
Environmentally Sound Policy Initiatives ….
what we can do and influence
5.
Solid and Bio-medical Waste Management need to be
put on more scientific footing. This requires some
major decisions by Government with both financial and
regulatory implications. Privatisation of collection and
safe disposal need to be encouraged.
6.
Automobile pollution requires some strong action on
part of Transport Department. Legal framework is
available, only enforcement need to be stepped up.
7.
Legislation on abstraction of ground water need to be implemented
vigorously.
8.
All Coastal line needs massive effort to implement coastal zone
Management Plan and CRZ
Regulations, which is not being done
effectively now.
9.
Organic fertilizers & pesticides need to be more
to reduce contamination of food ad water.
popularised
Environmentally Sound Policy Initiatives ….
what we can do and influence
10.
Activation of District Environment Committees, and
setting up of Inter Departmental Co-ordination
Committee at state level with Chief Secretary as the
Chairman.
11.
Intensive drive for soil conservation and ground water
recharging schemes by involving public and farmers.
12.
Land use planning and its strict implementation. Lakes
to be protected from encroachments and land use
conversion. No residential or industrial activity be
allowed within a radius of 10 kms of its catchment area.
13.
Ecological approach to flood management than
engineering solutions are better ways of tackling floods.
14.
A massive greening of the country and Forest
Conservation Policies to be perused. Compensatory
afforestation should be must for every development
activity including Government’s.
Environmentally Sound Policy Initiatives ….
what we can do and influence
15. Fuel wood demand is to be substituted by alternate source of energy and
action plan in this regard is needed and implemented.-Agencies working on
various initiatives
16. Scientific land water management practices under the command area of all
major irrigation projects.
17. Energy conservation may save as much as 40% of power generated. Energy
efficient engines/motors only be allowed to be sold in the market. A minimum of
20% of conservation from forest land be imposed on each
industrial/commercial user by legal instrument.
18. All the 8 Missions under National Action Plan for climate change have to be
implemented as per the time schedule being tracked at the PMO.
Environmentally Sound Policy
Initiatives ….
what we can do and influence
19.Better International co-operation for convincing and
forcing the developed world for better environmental
compliance.Indian commitment to align to UNFCC and
lead discussions into Copenhagen this year ..as a a
thought and action leader –being looked forward to .
20. An intensive drive for environmental education ,
sensitivity and
awareness throughout the nation and state,
need to be launched.
Time to wake up
Act now or else !!
Dangers of further delay
–huge socio/political /human /livelihood impacts
Future shape of things to come if we don’t “Act Now” will be:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Polluted Air to breath.
Polluted and scarce water to drink.
Polluted food leading to health hazards and genetic
changes.
Degraded land and reduced per unit of production.
Increase in drought and floods and other natural disasters.
Spurt of diseases.
Low life expectancy.
Strain on health care system.
Reduced human productivity and low GNP/GDP.
The heavy environmental debt we create today will be passed on to
our future generation which they will be never able to repay. Do we
want to burden them with this ?
Choice is in the hand of the people and the Govt. they form !.
Climate Change and Terrorism
Climate change poses threats to India beyond the
sphere of environment as passages opened up
by the melting snows in the northern
Himalayas could be used by terrorists to
infiltrate into the country
Eminent environmentalist RK Pachauri.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
79
Our Actionable points
What can I/we do to do my bit !!
We need to take Charge Now
Look at ourselves as the “karta “
• Solution is Within us !!
• No amount of Govt. intervention will completely
solve the problem.
• Self-realization and conservation/protection
measures at each individual level will help in
saving this planet.
• Self adoption of Mitigation and conservation
practices
• Stop talking and act !
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
81
ISR –individual Social
Responsibility
• Individual
social
responsibility
is
interlinked
with
corporate
social
responsibility. An individual (employee)
has to contribute his best to fulfill the
corporate social responsibility for its
economic social and environmental goals
(triple bottom line). Without individual
contribution company cannot achieve its
goals.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
82
Your life style and carbon emission
For instance your action in using an
• Choice of transportation –Public vs personal , walking and cycling vs
Scooter/car etc
• Choice of Deposable vs Reusable -bags /glasses e.g
• Air conditioner (2.5 tonne) emits 3 kilograms of carbon dioxide (CO2),
•
A microwave oven generates 1.3 kg of CO2
• A geyser emits 3.3 kg of carbon, an hour.
• A car that gives a mileage of 10 kilometers per liter of petrol leaves 232
grams of CO2 per km.
•
Your computers, music stereo systems, TVs, DVDs, fans, vacuum cleaners,
dish washers, radio sets, iPods, hair dryers, washing machines, refrigerators, bread
toasters, blenders, mixers, electrical rice cookers, heaters, electric stoves and
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
83
electric shavers, motor cycle, cars
and your travel on aero plane
How else you reduce carbon foot prints as an individual?
• The United Nations urged the world to kick its addiction to carbon
dioxide on World Environment Day, and said everyone must take
steps to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to fight climate
change. It recommends the following for anyone keen to shrink their
carbon footprint.
•
Wake up with a traditional wind-up alarm clock, not an electronic
one: save almost 48 grams (g) of carbon dioxide (Co2) each day.
• Brush with a a non-electric toothbrush; avoid nearly 48 g of Co2
emissions
• Replace a 45-minute workout on a treadmill with a jog in a nearby
park; save nearly 1kg of carbon.
•
•
Heat bread rolls in a toaster, not an oven, for 15 minutes; save nearly
170g f Co2.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
84
How else you reduce carbon foot prints as an individual?
• Take the train rather than the car to the office: a distance of as
little as 8 km can save 1.7kg of CO2.
• Shut down your computer and flat screen during the lunch break
and when you leave work: this cuts Co2 emissions generated by
these appliances by one-third.
• Install a water-saving shower head. This will save 10 liters of water
per minute and halve CO2 emissions of a three-minute hot shower.
• Switch from regular 60-Watt light bulbs to energy saving compact
fluorescent lamps.
• Dry clothes on a washing line instead of a tumble dryer: knock
2.3kg of CO2 off your total.
• Pack a light suitcase: world savings of 2million tonnes of CO2 a
year are possible if every airline passenger cuts their baggage to
below 20kg and buys duty free goods on arrival.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
85
How you reduce carbon foot prints as an individual?
• Use energy efficient appliance in your house and use CFL bulb which
will reduce less power consumption and less emissions. Use energy
efficient computers and modern automatic electrical system, which
switch off lights when you are not in the room.
• Use solar water heater, with this your co2 emissions are zero as you
are using renewable energy. Renewable energy like solar and wind
energy are best to reduce carbon foot prints. The unit cost of energy
production is costlier in case of solar energy and wind energy but they
are green energies.
• Use public transport or shared transports with your colleagues when
you go to office, this will reduce your emission levels.
•
Use bicycle to commute nearby places.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
86
How you reduce carbon foot prints as an individual?
• Plant trees,(Carbon sink) plants will absorb carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere through carbon sequestration and this
will reduce Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, reduce your
individual carbon foot prints and reduce climate change.
• A tree gives direct and indirect benefit. Trees are natural sink
to pollutants especially Carbon dioxide.
• A 50 year old tree generates Rs.5.30 Lakhs worth of oxygen.
Recycles Rs.6.50 Lakhs worth of soil fertility and controls soil
erosion. Creates Rs.10.50 Lakhs worth of air pollution control.
Provides shelter worth of Rs.5.30 Lakhs to birds & animals.
Besides it provides food, flowers, fruits, fiber, medicines, oils
lumber etc. Of course the elegant beauty to the world.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
87
How else you reduce carbon foot prints as an individual?
• Evangelise/ Educate employees ,family members ,
relatives and general public to practice eco
friendly practices (green practices) in day to day
life, this will help lessen emission and save planet.
• Reduce, Recycle and Reuse -The 3 important Rs
are to be practised if one wants to individually
contribute towards carbon foot prints.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
88
How else you reduce carbon foot prints as an individual?
• Use a clothesline instead of a dryer
• According to the US Dept of Energy an electric dryer can use
between 1800-5000 watts of power. You can save this energy when
you air dry your clothes out.
• Start a carpool
• Star a carpool with your friends. Sharing a ride will reduce carbon
dioxide emissions.
• GO vegetarian once a week
• Eat one less meat-based meal a week will help not only the planet
but also your diet. It requires 2,500 gallons of water to produce
one pound of beef.
• Save wood and paper
• Return unwanted mail and ask for your name to be removed from
the mailing list. Use email for your bills.
• Buy fresh foods instead of frozen
• Use fresh foods and save energy. Frozen food uses 10 times more
energy to produce.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
89
How you reduce carbon foot prints as an individual?
• Recycle plastic
• Recycling plastic saves twice as much energy as burning it in an
incinerator.
• Switch off electric appliances before going on holiday
• Going on holiday. Unplug as many electric appliances as possible,
to save electricity, before going on vacation.
• Take a shorter shower
• Every two minutes you save on your shower can conserve more
than ten gallons of water.
• Recycle glass
• Recycled glass reduces related air pollution by 20% and related
water pollution by 50%.
• Use CFC free products
Use CFC free products. ChloroFluoroCarbons destroy the ozone
90
layer, which protects uscccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
from harmful UV rays.
Plant more trees
How else you reduce carbon foot prints as an individual?
Clean AC filter every month
Clean AC filter every month. A dirty air filter reduces airflow. Clean
filters enable the unit to cool down quickly and use less energy.
Reuse shopping bag
Reuse your shopping bag. When shopping, it saves energy and waste
to use a reusable bag instead of accepting a disposable one in each
shop.
Avoid drinking bottled water
Avoid drinking bottled water. Where possible, avoid bottled water as
it has large environmental and economic costs associated with plastic
bottles and transport.
Strengthen public transport systems
Strengthen public transport systems. Make public transport safe,
convenient and affordable. Take care in selecting vehicles to minimize
their impact on emissions.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
91
How else you reduce carbon foot prints as an individual?
Defrost old fridges and freezers regularly
Defrost old fridges and freezers regularly. Even better is to
replace them with newer models, which all have automatic
defrost cycles and are generally up to twice as energy-efficient
as their predecessors.
Stop household burning of rubbish
Stop household burning of rubbish. Household burning of
rubbish adds to emissions and risks releasing toxic chemicals
into the atmosphere.
Shade your home
You can reduce air-conditioning energy use by as much as
40% by shading your home's windows and walls.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
92
Consumerism and Rich people to
blame for carbon emission: Study
• The study by a group of researchers from the Princeton
University comes at a time when the developed and
developing countries are yet to agree on carbon emission
caps, which would help in tackling climate change.
• Most of the world's emissions come disproportionately
from the wealthy citizens of the world, irrespective of their
nationality.
• Wealth is related to Consumerism ..so Consumerism is
actually the real culprit ..we need to change attitude !
• It is estimate that in 2008, half of the world's emissions
came from just 700 million people.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
93
•
Bill of the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (the Bill).
•
•
•
•
•
Emission allowances
The key feature of the Bill is the issue of ‘Emission Allowances’ to those who emit
GHGs . The emitters include electricity generators, fuel producers and importers,
natural gas distributors, geological sequestration sites to trap carbon dioxide and
stationary industrial sources.
They will have to hold as many emission allowances as are required to cover their
emissions. The allowances will be issued free by the Secretary, Energy and may
cover the requirements of the emitters fully to start with.
Thus, in 2012, a total of 4,770 million allowances would be issued and this figure
would go up to 5,391 in 2016. But from 2017 onwards there will be a progressive
reduction in the number of such free allowances, shrinking to 1,035 million in
2050.
The emitters would get less and less free allowances as the years go by and the
balance will have to be made good by procuring allowances from the market.
Failure to hold the requisite number of allowances corresponding to the emissions
would invite stiff penalties.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
94
•
•
•
•
Bill of the American Clean Energy and
Security Act of 2009 (the Bill).
Renewable credits
To encourage energy generation from renewable sources, such generators would be
given “Renewable Energy Credits” (RECs), which can be traded in the market.
Every year, a retail supplier of electricity generated from conventional sources such
as coal, in addition to his normal obligation to hold enough emission allowances,
will have to surrender to the Secretary, Energy, a prescribed number of RECs.
Thus in 2012, he will have to surrender RECs equivalent to 6 per cent of the energy
sold and the figure would go up to 25 per cent in the years 2025 to 2039. Needless
to say, the RECs will have to be procured either directly from their holders or from
the market.
The Bill is indeed a comprehensive attempt to green the US energy scene and
demonstrate to the world community the US’ intentions to adopt “measurable,
verifiable and reportable” steps to cut back the country’s GHG emissions in a
phased manner and help achieve, by 2050, a level of mitigation that would,
hopefully, keep the global temperature rise to within 2 degrees Celsius.
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
95
Non conventional energy options
• To be exercised-example Solar/Sun energy from Sahara Desert may
light up Europe’s homes
• There is plenty of sun and plenty of space in the deserts of North
Africa. An area of 65,000 square kilometers – could meet the energy
needs of the entire world. And 125 kilometers by 125 kilometers
would be enough for Europe.
• Solar thermal power makes use of parabolic mirrors to collect sunlight
to create heat which is used to produce steam to drive turbines and
electricity generators. Using high voltage direct current transmission
lines, the energy could then be transferred to Europe where.
• It could supply 15 per cent of the continent's electricity needs by
2020.400 billion Euro project Desertec track www.clubofrome.com
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
96
Technology of the future: Solar thermal
power plants with panels reflecting light
up to a central tower – the Mojave Desert
, California/Spain /Africa
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
97
Back to our Vedas..
Karmanye vaadhika raste ,maa phaleshu kadachana
maa karma phalhethur bhooma mateh
sangostwakarmini ...
Om shanti shanti Shanti ….
• Do your duty without having an eye on the fruits
of the same if actions are right results also will
follow ..
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
98
Act on it to mitigate the effects of climate change
and environmental degradation
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
99
Contact Us to know more and participate
Center for Climate Change and
Environment Advisory
(CCCEA)
Presented by
Dr. Vp Jauhari –Chairman and DG
Sanjay Gadhalay -CEO
mob:9849454569
Dr. MCR HRD Institutte of AP
Rd no 33 Jubilee Hills Hyderabad -500 033
Tel : 040 23548487 (ext 434)
Email : [email protected]
Blog: http:/cccea.hyd.blogspot.com
http://www.hrdiap.gov.in/html/center_ccceas.html
Actions toward Mitigation of Environment and
Climate Change is our Prime Concern!
cccea.hyd.ngri071109/sg
100