Transcript Document

A family’s story in the Reformation
The Tudor Family

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“Upstart” Rulers from
Wales
Henry VII had “taken”
the throne by killing
Richard III from the
rival family – The
Yorks.
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The War of the Roses
To solidify his rule he
married Richard’s
niece Elizabeth of York
SURPRISE! Henry VII was a good
king
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Sought prosperity for
England.
Fell in love with his
wife and had six kids.
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Arthur
Henry
Margaret
Mary
Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth.
Henry VIII’s Childhood
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Grew up in a loving
family – QUITE
UNUSUAL!
Second son – his
parents planned on
him becoming a priest
and maybe someday a
pope?
But that all changed in
1502!
1502
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Henry’s older brother –
Arthur did two things:
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Married at 15
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Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragon
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Died
VERY wealthy girl
VERY connected
 An Uncle was pope
 Daddy was King of
Spain
 A nephew eventually
became the Holy
Roman Emperor
What was Henry VII going to do?
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Henry now moved to
be the heir to the
throne.
But what about
Catherine?
Henry VII’s Solution
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Married one son’s
widow to his surviving
son.
Took until 1509 to
maneuver the
marriage.
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Henry was 17
Catherine was 22
Henry VIII Takes Over
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1509 – his father died.
Henry was king at 18
of a very prosperous
country and had one of
the richest women as
his wife.
Could he be content?
Henry VIII
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VERY intelligent
Was interested in
humanism
Catholic, but realized
there were changes
needed in Rome.
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Sympathetic with
Protestants
Henry VIII had one BIG problem
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No son
There was a belief that
a woman could only be
queen if her husband
was the king.
Henry and Catherine
had only one surviving
child – Mary.
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Six pregnancies.
Henry VIII’s Problem
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Marriage with
Catherine had started
off okay.
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He trusted her to rule
while he was at war.
She never complained
at all the affairs he had.
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And there were a LOT of
them!
Henry VIII was in a panic!
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No son to follow him?
Would civil war break
out like what his
parents had lived
through?
Failure of the Tudor
Family to have only 2
kings?
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Angevins – 5
Plantagenants – 12
About 1525, Henry read
Machiavelli’s THE PRINCE
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What is a king to do if
his wife is getting past
the age to give him an
heir?
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She is too “connected”
to kill.
He did kind of like her.
Advice?
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Henry’s longtime
advisors and friends
said – “Accept God’s
will.”
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Cardinal Woolsey
Thomas Moore
Thomas Cranmer offered another bit
of advice:
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Turn Protestant and
divorce Catherine.
While you are at it,
outlaw Catholics and
confiscate all the
wealth that the
churches,
monasteries, and
convents have in
England.
The “spark” that started the fire of
change in England
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Anne Boleyn
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The girl who said “no” to
being a king’s mistress.
Henry VIII
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Turned Protestant and
divorced Catherine.
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Confiscated all the
Church’s wealth in his
country.
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It was against the Bible
to marry his brother’s
widow.
$$$$ for Henry
Married Anne Boleyn.
Henry VIII
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Act of Supremacy
stated the “only
supreme head on
earth of the Church of
England” is Henry VIII.
Sold confiscated
church land to the
nobles in exchange for
their loyalty.
Henry VIII
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Beheaded, imprisoned,
and intimidated many
to become Protestant.
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Sir Thomas Moore
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Beheaded
Archbishop Woolsey
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Gave his treasure to
Henry.
Was still arrested and
died.
What about Catherine?
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Divorced and under
arrest.
Died
His daughter Mary was
declared a bastard for
siding with her mother
and refusing to
become Protestant.
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She couldn’t be a
princess.
What about Anne?
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Had a daughter –
Elizabeth right away.
2 miscarriages of sons.
The “spitfire”
personality her
husband had married
her for now turned into
being a nag and scold.
Anne Boleyn
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Henry tried to divorce
her.
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Put her on trial for
“treason”
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She refused to see her
daughter called
illegitimate.
Accused her of sleeping
with her brother and
music master.
Beheaded her.
Anne Boleyn
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Married and made
Queen 1533.
Beheaded May 19,
1536
Henry VIII
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Married #3 on May 20,
1536.
Jane Seymour
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Opposite personality to
Anne.
Was Protestant
October 1537 delivered
a son.
Died after.
The Baby Edward
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Sickly child.
Henry began to worry
he was being punished
for his actions.
Tried to rebuild
relationships with Mary
and a bit with the little
girl Elizabeth.
Thomas Cranmer was worried that Mary
would convince her father to become Catholic
again.
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Quickly arranged a
fourth marriage.
A Protestant German
Princess that came
from a family that was
known for producing a
lot of children.
Anne of Cleves
Wife #4: Anne of Cleves
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Married January 9,
1540
Divorced July 9, 1540
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Stayed on in England
as a “friend” of King
Henry and served as a
sort of mother to Mary
and Elizabeth.
Henry’s Habit: Turning on his friends!
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Began to talk about
becoming Catholic
again and had more
Catholic advisors.
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Edward – still sickly
Mary – now was
favored.
Elizabeth was out of
favor.
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Protestant raised
Mother had been
beheaded
Wife #5: Katherine Howard
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29 years younger than
Henry.
Barely educated.
Catholic.
Cousin to Anne
Boleyn.
Katharine Howard
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Married 1540
Accused of adultery
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It was true this time.
Beheaded 1542
Only 19 or 20 years
old.
Catherine Parr – The LAST wife
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Henry was attending
mass and favoring
Catholics.
Married a Protestant
widow in 1543 until his
death in 1548.
More companion.
Helped him create a
relationship with all his
children – but in
particular, Elizabeth.
Henry knew he left a mess in
regards to religion in England
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Next king: Edward
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Next in Line: Mary
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Protestant
Sickly
Catholic
Next in Line: Elizabeth
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Protestant
King Edward VII
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Probably had
leukemia.
Never a strong king.
Land continued to
become more
Protestant.
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Stronger penalties for
being Catholic.
Died without being
married and childless.
Mary I
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Believed it was her
duty to return England
to Catholicism.
Outlawed many
Protestants.
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Many executions
Married her cousin
King Philip of Spain
and involved England
in many Spanish
causes that weren’t
good for England.
Mary I
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“Comeuppance” time
for Thomas Cranmer.
Mary blamed him for
causing her father to
leave Catholicism and
divorce her mother.
Tortured into saying
“Protestants – bad;
Catholics – good.”
Changed his mind
Burned at the stake
The Feelings of the People
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Conflicted between
Catholics – where the
pope has supremacy and
ANGLICANISM –
Protestants that believe
the king has the right to
say what they should
believe.
Act of Supremacy stated
the “only supreme head on
earth of the Church of
England” is Henry VIII
Unpopular Spanish wars
were draining the people.
Mary’s Problem
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Mary was dying and
childless.
The only other heir
was Elizabeth.
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Going to Catholic mass
but suspected of being
a Protestant.
Daughter of the woman
that had caused Mary’s
father to leave Mary’s
mother.
Mary
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Urged to arrest and
execute her sister.
Make her husband or a
cousin, Mary Queen of
Scots the next ruler.
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They were both
Catholic.
Mary to Elizabeth
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Mary died keeping to
her father’s wishes.
Elizabeth became
Queen.
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Ruled England 1558 –
1603
The Golden Age
Elizabethan Compromise in England
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Elizabeth was
Protestant and thought
herself the head of the
Anglican Church, and
made decisions about
what people should
believe.
Elizabethan Compromise
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Catholics – if they
were loyal to Elizabeth
– were tolerated.
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Special taxes.
At times, if a Catholic
priest was caught, they
would be executed.
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Priest Holes in some old
houses to hide priests.
Queen Elizabeth – A woman ruling in
a Machiavellian “Man’s” World
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Had to sometimes be more
brutal than her opponents
if she wanted to stay alive.
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Was not above torturing
people to get confessions.
Used political assassination?
Beheaded her Catholic
cousin, Queen Mary of the
Scots
Her navy defeated the
Spanish Armada in 1588.
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Spain’s strongest force to
put Catholicism in place in
England.
The Golden Age
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Elizabeth took a
bankrupt country and
made it one of the
most prosperous and
strong countries in the
known world before
her death.
Peace and Prosperity
for many.
The Golden Age
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Shakespeare
flourished.
Exploration of the New
World and beyond.
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Sir Francis Drake
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Sailed around the world
and brought wealth to
England
Sir Walter Raleigh
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Started colonies in the
New World
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Roanoake Mystery
Virginia named for
Elizabeth.
The Golden Age’s Price
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Elizabeth never
married.
To the very end, had to
stay tough to prove a
woman could rule.
Arguably the best ruler
England has had.