Transcript Ordering the International: Actors, Processes, Structures

Ordering the International:
Actors, Processes,
Structures
Basic Concepts and Analytical
Levels of
International Relations
Introduction
Perspectives of International Relations
Actor
Structure
Process
Introduction
Actor
Environment
Actor
a) Who acts ?
b) Forms, occasions, reasons, causes, results of the behaviour of
actors which crosses national borders or is directed towards the
international system ?
Introduction
Process
a)
Interaction of Actors
(Duration, Regularity,
Action-Reaction-Pattern ?
b)
Forms, occasions, reasons,
causes, results ?
B
A
C
Introduction
Structure
a) Like processes
between actors
repeated over time
and thus solidified
b) Forms, reasons,
consequences ?
Foreign Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ressources
Means
Aims
Interests
Decision
making
processes
National Actor
International
environment
Border crossing
action
International
Politics
Action
Actor A
Actor B
Reaction
Action
Action
Reaction
Reaction
Actor C
The Billard-Ball-Model of International Politics
Pulling forces
Pushing forces
International Politics
IGO
Internationale
Politik
Foreign Policy A
Akteur B
Akteur A
Foreign Policy B
Society A
Society B
The modern territorial State – Substrate of the Billard-Ball-Model of
International Politics
Premiss: Legitimation of the state by successful completion of its functions:
guarantee of law and order domestically and protection against (military)attacks
in its external relations
Factors of Change:
Medieval starting point
Development of the forces of
production and destruction
Wall-protected impenetrability
cancels
Gun powder revolution of the late middle
ages: development of artillery and
distance weapons
Territorial State: hard shell of fortresses round periphery &
parallell abolition of independence of interior fortified
places by the central power
Fortress protected
impenetrability
manifestations
Strategy
military power
Politics:
Independence
Premiss: warfare rests in
the horizontal
Law
Sovereignty
Modern State: domestically pacified and externally hard shelled
defensible Unit with monopoly of the use of physical force on its
territory
Impenetrability based on military, political, legal
developments
cancels
Air warfare: ballistic carriers and
nuclear weapons of mass
destruction
overcomes
Military and political impenetrability
protected by force
underlines
Penetrability
Globalization
functional
Interdependence
Transnational
networking
Further differentiation of international division
of labour
Environmental problems & their
secondary effects crossing borders
Intensification of social and cultural forces by
social change
Replacement of Fordistic by Postfordistic
Accumulation
Air Warfare, in particular
ballistic weapons of mass
destruction
Modern industrial
dynamics
Cobweb model of international Relations
Transnational Society (of Actors)
Government
Government
Government
Transnational Society
A
Society
National Actor
B
Society
C
Society
Transnational Politics
Government
A
Society
Government
B
Society
Government
C
Society
LOOKING AT THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FROM A
RECENT INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PERSPECTIVE
For some time already, the analysis of International Relations is characterised
by a change in perspective
- away from the state as a unitary actor acting as a gatekeeper between the
domestic and international policy areas
- up, down, and sideways to supra-state, sub-state, and non-state actors.
From the society of states, our focus of attention has consequently
shifted to transnational and transgovernmental societies which take the
form of boundary-crossing networks amongst individuals and nongovernmental organisations (NGOs).
States as international gatekeepers
IGO
= government
State C
= society
Society C
State A
State B
Society B
Society A
INGO
= foreign or international societal interactions
= foreign or international political interactions
MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE: MAIN ACTORS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
Supranational and
intergovernmental
actors
International level
GOVERNMENT A
TARGET STATE
GOVERNMENT B
GOVERNMENT C
State level
Administration
Legislative branch
Judiciary system
Central state
Regional level
Administration
Legislative branch
Judiciary system
Regional/substate unit
Individual level
International &
national regimes
Individual cognition;
Belief system;
Personal and national identity
Transnational
groups
Domestic
groups&issue-specific
groups (commercial,
religious, and
environmental)
Multilevel Governance
MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE
Flexibly organised common problem solving among
different communities from the local via the regional
and state to the international level
(and vice versa)
IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Concept covers the mechanisms,
agreements, and patterns necessary to
insure, in an anarchical international
system
* transnational cooperation
* balances (of power/influence)
* stability
without formalised and institutionalised organisations and
treaty systems
governance without government
IN DOMESTIC POLITICS
Concept gains importance in contexts in
which political institutions and their
decision-makers lose part of their autonomy to act; political direction and
problem solving has to rely on
cooperation of political AND societal
actors in networks and negotiation
systems (Round Tables etc.)