Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds

 Dicotyledons!

Most herbs:

Monocotyledons vs Dicotyledons  Monocots  More advanced plants  One primary leaf  Adventitious root system  Flower parts arranged in 3’s  Leaf veins: parallel.

 Vascular cambium absent  Vascular bundles scattered throughout tissue Dicots More primitive Two primary leaves Tap root system Flower parts arranged in 4’s or 5’s.

Leave veins: network system Vascular cambium present Vascular bundles in a ring (‘vein’)

Flower Structure

 Each flower grows from an embryonic primordium  forms the bud .

 Inflorescences - Group of several to hundreds of flowers.

 E.g. Maize

Flower Structure

Fruits

 Fruit:= matured & developed ovary and accessory parts that have developed and matured.

 Normally contains seeds.

 All fruits develop from flower ovaries (therefore found exclusively in flowering plants)

Fruit Regions

 Fleshy    Berries Drupes Pomes

Fruit

 Dry  Those that split at maturity (Dehiscent)  Those that don’t split at maturity (Indehiscent)

Fleshy Fruit

 Simple fruit (e.g. Drupe)  Berry  Aggregate fruit  Multiple fruit  Pomes (not true fruit)

 Dehiscent     Follicle Capsule Legume Silique

Dry fruit

 Indihescent      Achene Grain Nuts Shizocarp Samara

Fruits

 Fleshy Fruits  Simple fleshy fruits: develop from a flower with a single pistil.

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Fleshy Fruit

 E.g. Drupe - Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp (pit).

 Berry: Develops from a compound ovary. Contains more than one seed.

 True berry : fruit with a thin skin and soft pericarp (e.g. tomato).

Fruits Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display

 Pepos - Thick skins/exocarps (Pumpkins).

Berries

Berries

 Hesperidium – Fruits with leathery exocarps containing oil glands (e.g. Citrus fruit).

Fruits  Pomes – (not a true fruit)  Pome: Accessory fruit with thick hypanthium.  Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. (Apples) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display

 Aggregate Fruits  Develop from a single flower with numerous pistils.

Pistils mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle E.g. Raspberries, Strawberries.

Fruits

 Multiple Fruits  Develop from many individual flowers in a single inflorescence.  E.g. Pineapples, Figs, Maize

Fruits

Dry Fruits - Dehiscent  Follicle - Splits along one side/seam.

Follicle

Dry Fruits - Dehiscent

• • • • Legume (e.g. bean pod) Consists of one folded carpel Splits along two sides into 2 sections Each represents half the carpel.

Some legume pods, such as carob and mesquite, are indehiscent and do not split open.

Dry Fruits - Dehiscent Silique - Splits along two sides with the seeds in a central position when the two halves separate.

 (Silique = Two carpels separated by a seed-bearing septum)

Dry Fruits - Dehiscent  Capsules - Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways.

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent      Achene Single seed attached to pericarp Pericarp fused into husk Husk - Easily removed Eg: buckweed, sunflower seed  Sunflower seed

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent

Nut    Single seed with hard pericarp/husk Cup or cluster of bracts form at base Hazel nuts: only true nuts   Walnuts, cashews & pecans = drupes Brazil nuts = seeds of capsules

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent    Grain One-seeded fruit/seed fused with seed coat (pericarp) Eg: wheat

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent

     Samara Pericarp forms wings Fx: aids in seed dispersal Can be single or double Eg: Elm tree

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent

 Schizocarp   Whole seed separates to form 2 separate 1 seeded fruitlets E.g.: Apiaceae/carrot family

LESSON TAKE-AWAY

 Flower Parts  Fruit Types