Transcript Country Report (Yunnan Province, CHINA)

Country Report
Postharvest Practices in
fruit/vegetable in China
By Chinese Participants
1. Profile of Yunnan
Located in Southwest China
CHINA
YUNNAN
From 21 to 29 degrees north
latitude and from 97 to 106
degrees east longitude
About 383 thousand square
kilometers.
The population is more than
42,000,000 in Yunnan
In Yunnan, there is a plentiful diversity for
geographical conditions, climates……
A plentiful biological diversification in Yunnan
and rich in plant,animal,crop resources
Other 37.5%
Yunnan 62.5%
Plant Resources in China
Other 45%
Yunnan 55%
Animal Resources in China
Other 20%
Yunnan 80%
Crop Resources in China
A plentiful diversification for minority and human culture
Performance of various and interesting local cultural programs by 26 minorities
2. Overview of the fruit/vegetable
industry in China
 Fruits and vegetables are essential
components of the human diet as they
contain a number of nutritional important
compounds such as vitamins, which
cannot be synthesized by the human body.
 Fruits and vegetables industry in
China has developed rapidly in
resent years. Up to now, China’s total
output of fruits and vegetables take
the first rank in the world with 59.2
million tons of vegetables and 11.34
million tons of fruits respectively.
Vegetables production in recent years
Area(million hectare)
Yield(ton)
NATION
YUNNAN
NATION
YUNNAN
2002
17.35
0.40
5.29*108
7.99*106
2003
17.95
0.44
5.40*108
8.39*106
2004
17.56
0.46
5.51*108
8.85*106
2005
17.72
0.49
5.65*108
9.71*106
2006
18.22
0.52
5.83*108 10.33*106
2007
18.48
0.56
5.65*108 11.13*106
2008
17.88
0.58
5.92*108 11.67 *106
Fruit production in recent years
Area(million hectare)
Yield(ton)
NATION
YUNNAN
NATION
YUNNAN
2002
9.10
0.21
6.95*107
8.56*105
2003
9.44
0.22
7.55*107
9.65*105
2004
9.77
0.23
8.39*107 11.55*105
2005
10.03
0.22
8.84*107 13.66*105
2006
10.04
0.24
9.60*107 16.26*105
2007
10.47
0.27
10.52*107 20.24*105
2008
10.73
0.29
11.34*107 26.62*105
 The raise of yields meet the increasingly
demand of fruits and vegetables supply by
consumers. At the same time, as fruits
and vegetables are characterized by their
seasonal, regional and perishable
properties, the industry is facing problems
involving quality, safety and marketing.
 postharvest loss resulting from
spoilage, senescence or other
damages is up to 20-25% of the total
output
 equivalent to above 100,000 million
RMB.
3. Problems and challenges of
fruit/vegetable industry in China
 Although China’s fruit and vegetable
industry has a great development, there
exist a number of problems and
challenges associated with the
postharvest life, quality and safety of
crops. They are as follows:
3.1 Pesticides and harvesting
 Recommended periods between final
spraying and harvest are sometime not
followed. Farmers are ignorant the
requirement because they want to take
advantage of high prices.
Improper harvest stage
 Too early or too late harvesting
 Some farmers use growth chemicals to
delay the time of harvest, until the prices
rise.
Harvesting techniques and
equipment
 Poor harvesting techniques
 Dirty clippers, knives, harvest bags and field
crates
 Leading to contamination, skin breakages,
crushing and bruising, thus promoting
physiological damage and disease attacking.
3.2 Preparations of fruits and
vegetables before sale
 Preparatory activities can include a
number of operations . Only large-scale
growers sort produce by size and maturity
at their packing sheds. Roots and tubers
and other crops are frequently washed
prior to sale.
 Other vegetables ,particularly leafy
vegetables, are often watered by farmers
to make look fresher. The quality of water
used for such washing is questionable
and farmers have little knowledge about
water-borne contamination.
 Farm workers can be a source of
biological and physical contamination
during the handling of fresh produce.
Dirty hands, sneezing, coughing,
spitting, failure to wash hands after
visiting the toilet, handling animals,
smoking and handling waste food and
rubbish can contaminate produce.
 Produce waiting to be purchased or
picked up by traders is usually held at
ambient temperature at the side of
the road. Animals may freely near the
fresh produce and there is not any
protection from dust or other
contaminants.
3.3 Packaging
 Use low quality and dirty packaging
materials lead to produce being squashed
and bruised.
 Even where good-quality packaging
materials are used there is a tendency to
overfill the containers, so leading to
produce damage. This particularly occurs
when transport is charged on a “per piece”
basis.
3.4 Transport
 Transport vehicles are normally used for
multiple purposes. Even where trucks are
used primarily for fruits and vegetables,
failure to clean them properly can result in
contamination by rotting fruit left in the
vehicle.
 Damages caused by attempts to
maximize loads by squeezing as many
containers as possible into a vehicle.
 Bad roads, transport in the heat of the day,
and limited air circulation in vehicle.
 The bottom layers of containers in a truck
collapse during a long journey.
 Combining product with differing transport
requirement in the same vehicle
 Ethylene-producing fruit are sometimes
mixed with ethylene –sensitive produce.
3.5 Storage practices
 Among horticultural products, some are
suitable for long-term storage, some are
not. Ripe, ethylene-releasing fruit needs
to be separated from unripe fruit prior to
storage, but this is not always done.
 Different products should be kept in
different stores, but limited storage space
means that this is also not always done.
 Improper storage conditions due to lack
of knowledge or available facilities.
3.6 Ripening and produce
preparation
 These are carried out by traders including
promoting ripening, grading, sorting,
washing, waxing, treating against fungal
infection and pests, and watering to
preserve freshness.
 The problem is that not all these
operations are carried out properly or
following recommendations. Examples
include using dirty water to wash or water,
relative high dose of fungicide being used,
ripening of immature produce
3.7 Wholesale and retail marketing
 Waste disposal problem
 Produce is exposed to direct sunlight and
rain due to lack of shelters in the markets.
 Sorting and trimming for leafy vegetables
and removing spoiled fruits are often done
on ground, in the sunlight and often on
bare earth.
3.7 Research and facilities
improvement
 Research is not enough.
 facilities for postharvest practices do not
meet the needs.
4. Recommendations to improve
postharvest practices in
fruit/vegetable of China
4.1 Training and education
 knowledge and techniques of postharvest
practices.
 Awareness of postharvest practices,
sanitation and hygiene, produce quality
keeping and safety
4.2 Storage facilities and marketing
infrastructure improvement
 Storage capacity of horticultural products in
China is behind the development of
production. At present the total storage
space of fresh produce is about 25 million
tons, which is far less than the total output
of fresh produce. This is one of the
important reasons that postharvest loss is
around 20% per year in china.
 In addition to government investment,
private sector investment should be
encouraged. According to China’s
situation, construction of storage house in
production area has been proved to be a
good way to increase the storage capacity.
4.3 Government’s role
Government play an important role in
postharvest practices. Activities including
the recommendations or standards setting,
organization of training and education,
market regulation, information providing and
investment should be direct or indirect
carried out by government.
4.4 Research
More scientific research associated
with postharvest practices should be
encouraged, including postharvest
handlings for quality keeping and
improvement, safe treatment for
microbial control, postharvest
physiological changes of various types
of fresh produce, mechanism of
spoilage, establishment of effective
market system and so on.
Wholesale market
Wholesale market
Preharvest bagging and spray of chmicals
Separating by sponge after harvest
Separating by sponge after harvest
shipment
图14 吊挂防机械伤
Postharvest treatment
Transfer from truck to temperature
control vehicle
Wholesale market for banana
Cllecting products
Cool House
Cool House
Cool House
Handling pomegranate on the ground
Handling of persimmon
Handling of persimmon
Thank You For Your Attention