Transcript US History SOL Review

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Puritans seeking religious freedom
Write the Mayflower Compact – 1st
written government
Intolerant of others
Powhatan in Virginia
Settled by Dutch & Germans
Many die from
European diseases
Quakers in PA & Huguenots & Jews in NY
Religious toleration & middle class
Different views on land
ownership
Get along better with
French in Canada
Good relations with Indians
Jamestown – 1st permanent English
colony
Established by the Virginia Company
Settled by English cavaliers looking
to make money
Strong ties to England
Athenian direct democracy with
Town hall meetings
Democratic principals
House of Burgesses – elected
assembly
Middle Passage to America
Tobacco/cotton are labor
intensive crops on plantations
Evangelical Revival across the colonies in 1700’s
Jonathan Edwards – famous preacher
Methodists and Baptists and challenge order.
Lays social foundations for the American Revolution
Replace Indentured
Servants as
labor force
“Natural rights of Life, liberty, and property
can not be taken away. Power comes from the
consent of the governed – a social contract.”
– English philosopher who most influenced
Founders.
John Locke
Thomas Paine –
author of Common
Sense pamphlet
Encourages
Revolution
Written by Thomas
Jefferson
Uses ideas of Locke &
Paine
List of grievances
against the king
“We hold these truths
to be selfevident, that
all men are created
equal”
Equal voting rights to women & African-Americans
Liberty – eventually abolishing slavery, civil rights
Regulating free enterprise, economics
Proclamation of 1763 – bans settlement west of
Appalachian Mnts.
Stamp Act – tax on paper used to pay costs of
French & Indian War
Boston Tea Party & Boston Massacre
1st Continental Congress – all colonies except
Georgia act together for 1st time
Ben Franklin –
secures alliance
with France
Want independence
Provide troops
Tories loyal England,
economic & cultural ties
Many stay uninvolved as
possible
George Washington
leadership
keeps the army
together
Sam Adams
Leads the
minutemen who
fight Brits at Lexington &
Concord
Patrick Henry
“Give me liberty
or give death”
Alliance with France
Washington avoids major defeats
War was unpopular in England
French navy’s help at Yorktown
ends the war in victory
Weak national government
no power to tax
Common currency
Executive or judicial branch
1 vote regardless of size
President
George Mason’s human rights for Virginia
George Washington – chairman
Thomas Jefferson outlaws established church
Strong National government
Promote economic development
James Madison – Father of the
Constitution, wrote The Virginia Plan
Big states vs. smalls states
Slaves counting toward population
See government’s role in solving
national problems
Madison & Washington
3 Branches of Government
2 House Legislature (Senate & House)
3/5 Compromise on slavery
3 Branches of Government
2 House Legislature (Senate & House)
3/5 Compromise on slavery
Fear an overly powerful
government
Want states to have more power
Wanted a Bill of Rights
to protect people
Leads to today’s conservatives of
free market & no interference
Patrick Henry & George Mason
1st Ten Amendments to the
Constitution
Written by James Madison
Freedom of speech, religion,
right to bear arms
Federalists
Alexander Hamilton
Democratic Republicans
Jefferson, farmers
John Adams
John Adams
Supported by Northeast &
Business
Supports Bank of US
Marbury v Madison
Undeclared war on France
Creates judicial review
McCulloch v. Maryland
Thomas Jefferson
Establishes implied powers of Constitution
Wins election of 1800 – 1st time
power transferred peacefully
Gibbons v. Ogden
Buys Louisiana Purchase from
France
Gov can regulates commerce
Has Lewis & Clark (and Sacajawea)
explore it
Andrew Jackson
Personifies new “democratic
spirit”
Spoils System – gives offices to
members of party
James Madison
War of 1812 victory over England
Nullification Crisis: South Carolina
says it can nullify Tariff of 1832
US gets Oregon Territory
Jackson threatens to send troops
to collect tariff
in SC
War opposed by Federalists
m
Expands democracy
– more people
can vote
US gets Florida from Spain
James Monroe
Issues Monroe Doctrine in 1823
Western Hemisphere is closed
to Europe
Europe interfering in West is
a threat to America
US would stay out of Europe
Manifest Destiny - Settlers
move west for land &
opportunity
North – industrial
Favor high protective
tariffs to protect from
foreign competition
Homestead Act
gives free land
out west in
1862
The Missouri Compromise
(1820) – line through
Louisiana Purchase, slavery
banned above (except
Missouri) & allowed below
Compromise of 1850
Admits California a
free State
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
Repeals Missouri Comp.
Kans. and Neb. vote on slavery
(popular sovereignty)
Results in fighting in Kansas
The Missouri Compromise
(1820) – line through the
Louisiana Purchase, slavery
banned above (except
Missouri) and allowed below
Compromise of 1850
Admits California a
free State
Plessy v. Fergusonallows segregation of
whites & blacks
Mexican War in
1840s adds
California, Nevada,
Utah, Arizona,
Colorado, New
Mexico.
The Alamo –
Americans in Texas
have revolt against
Mexican
Texas joins the Union
with slavery
Compromise
Kansas and Nebraska can vote
to allow slavery (popular
sovereignty)
Results in bloody fighting in
Kansas
Fugitive Slave Act –
requires escaped slaves
to be returned
Eli Whitney’s
cotton gin creates
“cotton kingdom”
in the Deep South
Opposed high tariffs
b/c it depended on
imports
Abolitionists
Women
Slave revolts in Virginia, led by Nat
Turner and Gabriel Prosser
Seneca Falls Convention – 1848
meeting for women’s rights in NY
Harriet Beecher Stowe- writes Uncle
Tom’s Cabin, anti-slavery novel
Elizabeth Cady Stanton – organized
convention
William Lloyd Garrison – publishes
The Liberator, anti-slavery newspaper
Susan B. Anthony – fought for
women’s suffrage
Lincoln-Douglas debates in Illinois
over slavery & popular sovereignty
Not successful until 19th Amendment
in 1920
W.E.B. DuBois– writes Souls of Black
Folk about struggle for rights
John Brown
Fought in Bleeding Kansas
after Kansas-Nebraska Act
Led slave rebellion in Harper’s
Ferry
1860 – South secedes, fears Lincoln will abolish slavery
Opening confrontation in South Carolina, Jefferson
Davis elected Confederate president
First major land battle in Manassas, VA
Deadliest day
Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation afterwards
Victory for the North & turning point of the War
Robert E. Lee surrenders Army of N. Virginia to Grant
Emancipation Proclamation
Frees slaves in rebelling states
Makes other countries unlikely
to help South
Ulysses S. Grant
Gettysburg Address
War is dedicated to “all men are
created equal” and “government
of the people, by the people, and
for the people”
Robert E. Lee
Union general
Confederate general
Later advocated rights for
free blacks
Urged Southerners to
reconcile
Opposed punishing the
defeated South
Served as president of
Washington College
(W&L University)
Frederick Douglass
Encouraged using freed
slaves in Union Army
Got US to protect blacks
in the South after war
Served as ambassador to
Haiti
Lincoln’s Plan
“With malice toward none, charity for all”
--Welcome back the South quickly
Punish the South
Occupy with military
Andrew Johnson
Impeached over rights for
freed slaves
Slavery abolished
Guarantees Civil Rights to All
Voting rights guaranteed
regardless of race
Guarantee civil rights to
former slaves
A. Extremely close!
B. Compromise of 1877
C. South agrees to support
Hayes as President
D. Military removed from
South
E. Confederate Democrats
take power in South
F. Begins Jim Crow era
Poll Tax – Blacks forced
to pay to vote
Literacy tests – must
pass to vote
Klan takes power
Pre-1871
Northwest
Europe
Germany
England
Ireland
Freedom and economic opportunity
After 1870s
South &
East Europe
Gives free land in West
Italy
Asia
Built by Chinese immigrants
Assimilate into the Melting Pot
Face hostility
1882 – limits immigration
from Asia
Immigration Restriction Act
of 1921 cuts it further
Laissez-faire gov. creates millionaires
Thomas Edison
Alexander
Graham Bell
Railroads
Steel
Wright Brothers
Henry Ford
Henry Bessemer
Finance/Banking
Oil
Knights of Labor –
early union
Samuel Gompers –
leader of American
Federation of Labor
Eugene Debs – leader
of Railway Union
Teddy Roosevelt –
“Square Deal”
Muckrakers - reporters
Eliminate social
injustices
End Child labor
Better working
conditions
Women’s suffrage
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
— breaks up
monopolies
Haymarket &
Homestead strikes
17th Amendment –
direct election of
senators
Scopes Trial – over
teaching of evolution in
schools
US overthrows monarchy
Added as a US territory
John Hay’s plan to
give all nations
equal trading
rights to China
Teddy Roosevelt –
encourages
Panama’s indep.
President Taft’s plan
Builds canal
for banks to invest
in Latin America
US annexes Puerto Rico and
Philippines
Fights America for it’s
independence after SpanishAmerican War
US asserts the right to
intervene in Cuba
Isolationism
Wilson’s peace plan France & England want
to punish Germany
- Self-determination
– Freedom of the sea
– League of Nations
– Mandate system
Boundaries redrawn
creating new nations
German submarine warfare
– sinking Lusitania
Ties to England
“Make world safe for
democracy”
World alliance
for peace
Senate does not
approve Treaty
USA never joins
Overspeculation on
stocks with
borrowed money
1929 stock market
crash
Federal Reserve
doesn’t protect bank
failures
Hawley Smoot Tariff
- high protective
tariff
Unemployment
Homelessness
Bank closings
Political unrest
Farm foreclosures
Migration
Roosevelt’s Plan
“We have nothing to
fear, but fear itself.”
Relief – direct help for
people (WPA)
Recovery – programs to
get out of depression
over time (AAA)
Reform - correct
unsound banking and
investment (FDIC)
Social Security Act –
safety net
Legacy: Government is responsible for providing services to promote public
welfare & intervening in economy
Hitler invades Poland in 1939, starts war
Germany conquers France, then invades Soviet Union
Japan invades
China
Pearl Harbor
surprise attack
Roosevelt: “lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose
– Dec. 7, 1941
house is on fire.”
US island hops to Japan
Lend-Lease Act – neutral US helps England
Battles
Battle of Britain – England defeats Germans in air
Stalingrad – crushing German defeat in Soviet Union
El Alamein - Germans defeated by British at Suez Canal
D-Day – US & allied troops under Eisenhower land at
Normandy, France on June 6, 1944, invasion begins
Midway – US defeats larger
Japanese force
Iwo Jima & Okinawa – difficult
invasions close to Japan
Hiroshima & Nagasaki –
Truman orders a-bombs
dropped
African Americans – segregated units
(Tuskegee Airmen)
Nisei Regiments of Asian-Americans
Navajo Indians – provide code in Pacific
Rosie the Riveter – women in the workforce
Rationing – limits goods
War bonds – sold to raise $$
Selective Service – drafted men
African Americans migrate to
cities for jobs
Japanese placed in internment
camps
Hollywood propaganda for war
World body to prevent
future wars
Nazis convicted of war
crimes – no “just following
orders”
Ensures humane treatment
of POWs (after Bataan Death
March)
US Marshall Plan helps rebuild Europe
Truman Doctrine – containment, stop
spread of communism
Soviets occupy Eastern Europe
Germany split into East & West
Korean War – ends in stalemate
NATO – democratic military alliance
Warsaw Pact – communist alliance
President John Kennedy:
“Pay any price
… for success of liberty”
“…Ask what you can do
for your country.”
Assassinated in Dallas in 1963
China & Cuba - communist
Fidel Castro
Bay of Pigs –
failed invasion
of Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis – Kennedy
orders Soviet missiles removed
Fears
Spies
McCarthyism– Senator Joe
McCarthy recklessly accuses
many of being communist
Alger Hiss
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg–
executed for spying
Space Race
Neil Armstrong – first
man on moon 1969
Vietnam War
Pres. Kennedy, Johnson, & Nixon all
intensify war
Sally Ride – first woman
in space
Virginia benefits from
military spending
End of the Cold War
Soviet economy collapsing
Glasnost– openness
Arms reduction treaties
Perestroika – economic reforms
Ronald Reagan– challenges
morals of Soviets – “tear down
this wall!”
Divides
country –
pro or anti war protests
Vietnamization – plan to end war by
replacing US troops with South
Vietnamese
Watergate – scandal forces Nixon to
resign
Martin Luther King, Jr. –
“I have a dream” speech at 1963
March on Washington
Supreme Court ends
segregated schools
Thurgood Marshall —
NAACP lawyer
Oliver Hill —lawyer in
Virginia
Massive Resistance &
white flight
Gets public to support civil
rights legislation
Demonstrates power of
non-violent protest
Bans discrimination of
race, religion, nationality,
gender
Outlaws literacy tests
Desegregates
Increases African
American voters
President Johnson helps
get it passed
Workers sent South to
register voters
Fill low-paying jobs
Border issues with Mexico
Bilingual education
New pathways to
citizenship
More scientists & Doctors
from abroad
More minorities - Sandra
Day O’Connor, Ruth Bader
Ginsburg, Clarence Thomas
Protects individual rights in
Constitution
Establishes “right to
privacy” from government
(Roe v. Wade)
Keeps powers of Congress
and President in check
Ronald Reagan
Tax cuts & reducing government
Appointment of “judicial restraint” judges
Federal Reserve – controls money supply to expand/contract
economic growth
George H. W. Bush
Continues “Reagan Revolution”
Persian Gulf War in Iraq (1st
with females in combat)
Fall of Communism
Bill Clinton
NAFTA Trade agreement
Full relations with Vietnam
NATO action in Yugoslavia
Lifts sanctions on South Africa
George W. Bush
9/11 Terrorist Attacks
Wars in Iraq & Afghanistan
Patriot Act– heightens security
at home
Jobs outsourced to foreign
countries
Barack Obama
President & Congress work on
fiscal policy decisions (taxing &
spending)