Transcript Document

Protein Synthesis
Making Proteins
Regents Biology
2009-2010
Bodies  Cells  DNA
 Bodies are made up of cells
 All cells run on a set of instructions
spelled out in DNA
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DNA  Cells  Bodies
 How does DNA code for cells & bodies?

how are cells and bodies made from the
instructions in DNA
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DNA  Proteins  Cells  Bodies
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proteins
cells
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bodies
DNA gets all the glory,
Proteins do all the work
How do proteins do all the work
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proteins run living organisms
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 control all chemical reactions in living
organisms
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 all living organisms are built out of proteins
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Cell organization
 DNA
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 genes = instructions for making proteins
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want to keep it there = protected
 “locked in the vault”
nucleus
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nucleus
Cell organization
 Proteins
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cytoplasm
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build
proteins
nucleus
nucleus
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Passing on DNA information
 Need to get DNA gene information
from nucleus to cytoplasm
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cytoplasm
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build
proteins
nucleus
nucleus
ribosome
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From nucleus to cytoplasm
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DNA
mRNA
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protein
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trait
nucleus
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cytoplasm
DNA vs. RNA
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 deoxyribose sugar
 nitrogen bases
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C:G
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 ribose sugar
 nitrogen bases
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C:G
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Transcription
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 DNA strand is the
template (pattern)
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match bases
U:A
G:C
 Enzyme
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RNA polymerase
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
 Double stranded DNA unzips
T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T CG T A C CG T
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
 Double stranded DNA unzips
T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T CG T A C CG T
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA
 Match RNA bases to DNA
C
G
bases on one of the DNA
strands
U
A
G
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U
U
C
A
AG
A
C
G
A
U
A
C
RNA
A C C polymerase G
A
U
T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T CG T A C CG T
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U
C
Matching bases of DNA & RNA
 U instead of T is matched to A
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DNA
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
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mRNA
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AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
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ribosome
A C C A U G U C G A U C A G U A G C A U G G C A
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cytoplasm
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proteinaa
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nucleus
ribosome
A C C A U G U C G A U C A G U A G C A U G G C A
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trait
How does mRNA code for proteins
 mRNA leaves nucleus
 mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm
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How?
mRNA
A C C A U G U C G A U C A GU A GC A U G GC A
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How does mRNA code for proteins?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
ribosome
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
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Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala
protein
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How can you code for 20 amino acids with
only 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)?
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mRNA codes for proteins in triplets
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
codons
mRNA
ribosome
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
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protein
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala
 ________________________________
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The mRNA code
 For ALL life!
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strongest support
for a common origin
for all life
 Code has duplicates
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several codons for
each amino acid
mutation insurance!
 Start codon
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AUG
methionine
 Stop codons
UGA,
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Biology
UAA, UAG
How are the codons matched to
amino acids?
DNA
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
mRNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
codon
tRNA
amino
acid
UAC
Met
GCA
Arg
CAU
anti-codon
Val
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mRNA to protein = Translation
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ribosome
mRNA
A C C A U G U C G A U C A GU A GC A U G GC A
U GG
tRNA
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U A C
tRNA
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A G
C
tRNA U A G
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tRNA
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From gene to protein
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DNA
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protein
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mRNA
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ribosome
A C C A U G U C G A U C A GU A GC A U GGC A
nucleus
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tRNA
cytoplasm
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trait
cytoplasm
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transcription aa
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transcription
transcription
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nucleus
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transcription
From gene to protein
protein
transcription
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translation
Whoops!
See what happens when
your genes don’t work right!
Any Questions??
Regents Biology
2009-2010