Transcript Slajd 1 - Physics education

The Polish Benchmark Paper
Ryszard Naskręcki
History of tertiary education
in Poland
• After regaining independence in 1919, Poland had five
universities (Cracow, Lvov, Poznan, Warsaw, and Vilnius), two
technical universities (Lvov, Warsaw) and the Academy of
Veterinary and Medicine in Lvov, the Central School of
Agriculture in Warsaw, and the Mining Academy in Cracow.
• All these institutions had the status of State universities, with
extensive autonomy and self-government powers.
• There were also private tertiary education institutions: the Catholic
University of Lublin, the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow and the
High School of Commerce.
• In 1938 it was together 47,700 students in Poland.
Tertiary education under
socialist regime (1945-1989)
• The number of TEIs grew from 54 (1946) to 97
(1989), and the number of tertiary students grew
from 86,500 to 378,000 respectively.
• After 1975, a record-breaking year when the
number of students reached 468,100, including
283,200 full-time students.
• Only long-cycle programmes, open to holders of the secondary
school leaving certificate, which last between 9 and 12 semesters
and lead directly to the Master’s degree (magister).
Today's numbers
• At present (2005), Poland has
130 public HEIs and 315 nonpublic HEIs, with a total
number of 1,900,000
students, including 1,300,000
at public HEIs and 600,000 at
non-public HEIs
• The total number of foreign
students was only 8,829
• The total number of doctoral
students was 33,040
Field of study vs. number of students*
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Management and marketing– 46 440 students
Pedagogy – 41 913 students
Computer science – 27 386 students
Law – 24 979 students
Mathematics – 14 532 students
Biology – 11 783 students
* ful-time programmes
(daily)
Chemistry – 9 408 students
Biotechnology – 7 712 students
Psychology – 7 001 students
Physics – 7 490 students
Technical Physics – 4 340 students
Astronomy – 494 students
Definitions
• Tertiary (higher) education institution
(TEI/HEI): a school providing degree
programmes, established in accordance with the
procedure laid down in the 2005 LoHE.
– Public tertiary (higher) education institution
(established by the State)
– Non-public tertiary (higher) education institution
(established by a natural person or a corporate body)
• University-type tertiary (higher) education
institution (at least one organizational unit
(Faculty) is authorized to confer the doctoral
degree).
• Non-university tertiary (higher) education
institution.
Category of HEIs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Universities
Technical universities
Pedagogical universities
Economic universities
Agricultural universities
Medical universities
Academies of physical education
Artistic high schools
Maritime and military higher schools
State higher vocational schools
The numbers of students enrolled in
individual types of HEIs
November 2005
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Universities: 563,100
Technical universities: 331,100
Agricultural universities/academies: 107,700
Academies/universities of economics: 407,800
Teacher education universities/academies: 111,800
Medical universities/academies: 48,800
Physical education academies: 28,200
HEIs for art studies: 15,400
Theological HEIs: 10,400
Other HEIs: 79,500
Non-university HEIs: 224,700
International aspects of tertiary
education
• At present, there are two main co-existing types of student
mobility:
– completing a full degree programme in another country or
– completing a period of study in one country and continuing
studies in another country.
• After 1990, the first type of mobility is still common, but the
second type is rapidly developing.
• In the academic year 2003/2004, over 8,100 students were
enrolled in full degree programmes, including mainly
students from Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Russia, as well
as the USA, Canada and Germany.
Non-nationals in tertiary education
institutions in Poland
„Full degree programmes”
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Total – 8 106 (students in 2003/2004)
Belarus - 1171
Lithuania – 543
Norway – 451
Ukraine – 880
USA – 545
Germany – 182
Canada – 152
…..
France – 32
Laos – 30
Student and staff mobility in the framework
of the SOCRATES-Erasmus Programme
Academic
year
Number of
outward
student flows
Number of
Number of
inward
outward/inward
student flows academic staff
flows
1998/99
1426
220
-
1999/00
2813
466
-
2000/01
3691
614
678/488
2001/02
4322
750
800/573
2002/03
5419
996
947/749
2003/04
6278
1459
1394/1026
2004/05
8390
2332
1741/1440
2005/06
9974
> 4000
-
Most Polish students go to study in Germany, France, Spain, Italy and UK
and students coming to study in Poland are mostly form Germany, France and Spain.
CONCLUSION
The main features characterizing the past period of
transformations are as follows:
– High rate of growth in the number of students in degree programs
4.7 times increase in the number of Bachelor’s and Master’s
degree students and 12 times increase in the number of
doctoral students);
– Conflict between the quantitative development trend and
the need to maintain quality standards;
– Growing difficulties in the financing of public TEIs which have led to
partial commercialization of educational services provided (the
introduction of tuition fees for some forms of study);
– Development of the sector of non-public TEIs offering additional
supply of places in first cycle programs (tuition fees are charged)
in response to the growing demand.
Governmental and academic
institutions - national level
•
•
•
•
Ministry of Science and Higher Education
General Council for Higher Education,
State Accreditation Committee
Conference of Rectors of Academic Schools in
Poland (CRASP),
• University Accreditation Commission
• Forum of Deans (Physics Faculties)
–
–
–
–
10 years of activity,
not formal,
opinions, criticism, studies, proposals of changes
growing influence
New system
New ACT of 27 July 2005 „Law on Higher
Education” and relevant implementing
regulations to the Act, which are a legal basis in
particular for:
– the establishment of a three-cycle structure on a
compulsory basis in all higher education institutions;
– the issue of the Diploma Supplement;
– the introduction of a credit transfer and accumulation
system;
– the provision of joint study programmes and the award
of corresponding (double or joint) diplomas;
– the provision of degree programmes in macro-fields of
study and interdisciplinary programmes;
Implementation of the Bologna
Declaration
• The process of introducing two-cycle
programmes began in Poland in the mid-1990s.
• Two-cycle programmes must be introduced
(from 2007) in 100 of all 106 fields of study.
• In the remaining 6 fields (law, psychology,
pharmacy, medicine and dentistry, medicine,
veterinary medicine), only long-cycle Master’s
programmes may be offered.
First-cycle
The first level includes first-cycle
programmes which are open for holders of
the secondary school leaving certificate,
and lead to the Bachelor’s degree
(licencjat), lasting between 6 and 8
semesters (for licencjat) or between 7 and
8 semesters (for inżynier), depending on
the field of study.
Second-cycle
• long-cycle programmes, open to holders of the
secondary school leaving certificate, which last
between 9 and 12 semesters and lead to the
Master’s degree (magister),
• open to those who hold at least the Bachelor’s
degree, lasting for 3 or 4 semesters, and leading
to the Master’s degree (magister). The total
duration of the first-cycle followed by secondcycle programmes or of long-cycle programmes
may not be shorter than 9 semesters.
Structure of the study
cycle
Field of study
field of study: a distinct area of
study; student declaration
during 1st year of study.
Specjalization 2
Specjalization 3
1st
Specialization 1
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
Fields of study (> 50):
administration, acoustics, archaeology, astronomy, biology,
biotechnology, chemistry, artistic education in the field of musical art,
artistic education in the field of fine arts, ethnology, philology (languages:
Croatian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Danish, German, Korean, Lithuanian,
Norwegian, Russian, Hungarian, Vietnamese, Thai, Japanese, Chinese,
Turkish, English, Spanish, French, Italian, Arabic), Russian-Ukrainian
philology, New Greek philology, Classical philology, Slavonic philology,
applied linguistics, linguistics and scientific information, European social
communication, ethnolinguistics, Polish philology, philosophy, physics,
geography, geology, spatial economics, history, history of art, computer
science, cultural studies, mathematics, musicology, protection of goods of
culture, environmental protection, pedagogy, special education, political
science, law, psychology, sociology, international relations, theology,
tourism and recreation, management and marketing.
Field of study
• Degree programmes in a HEI shall be
provided within fields of study;
• a student shall be enrolled on a degree
programme in a specific field of study not
later than after the end of the first
academic year,
The minister responsible for higher
education shall specify by regulation:
– the names of fields of study, including the
names of fields of study for degree programmes
while having regard to the existing fields of
study and demands of the labour market;
– the degree programme requirements for
each field and level of study, including
educational profiles of graduates, framework
curriculum contents, duration of degree
programmes and practical placements,
requirements for each form of study,
The benchmarking of academic
standards
• Subject benchmark statements provide a means
for the academic community to describe the
nature and characteristics of programmes in
a specific subject.
• They also represent general expectations about
the standards for the award of qualifications at a
given level and articulate the attributes and
capabilities that those possessing such
qualifications should be able to demonstrate.
Subject benchmark statements
time-sharing for 1st level study
General
contents
Fundamental Field of study
contents
contents
10%
20%
common for all
fields of
studies
common for
the group
fields of
studies
15%
Specialized
contents
55%
peculiar to the peculiar to the
given field of
given
study
specialization
Subject benchmark statements
time-sharing for 2nd level study
Fundamental Field of study
contents
contents
10%
common for
the group
fields of
studies
25%
Specialized
contents
65%
peculiar to the peculiar to the
given field of
given
study
specialization
Field of study: Physics
1st cycle
The first cycle of study takes no less than 6 semesters, the number of hours of
lectures and classes should not be lower than 2000 (contact hours), while the ECTS
score should not be lower than 180.
• Group of general contents (subjects), min. 180 h, 14 ECTS
– IT, English, Humanistic contents, Protection of intellectual property
• Group of fundamental contents (subjects), 360 h, 41 ECTS score
– Mathematics, 150 h
– Physics, 180 h
– Astronomy, 30 h
• Group of the field of study contents (subjects), 300 h, 35 ECTS score
– Electrodynamics
– Fundamentals of quantum physics
– Physical Laboratory
– Classical and relativistic mechanics
– Thermodynamics and statistical physics
• Group of specialization contents (subjects), > 1160 h, 90 ECTS score
Field of study: Physics
2nd cycle
The second cycle ends with getting a degree of Master of Science
(Magister). The second cycle of study takes no less than 4 semesters,
the number of hours of lectures and classes should not be lower than 1000,
while the ECTS score should not be lower than 120.
• Group of fundamental contents, 90 h, 10 ECTS score
– Physical Laboratory
• Group of the field of study contents, 240 h, 27 ECTS score
– Theoretical physics
– Physics of condensed matter
– Quantum physics
• Group of specialization contents, > 670 h, 83 ECTS score
The most popular specializations
•
•
•
•
•
•
Experimental Physics
Theoretical Physics
Computational Physics
Physics of materials
….
Teaching of physics
The most promising specializations
•
•
•
•
•
Nanoscience/Nanotechnology
Molecular Biophysics
Medical Physics
Dispensing optics/Optometry
Acoustic
Future challenges
New fields of study related to Physics:
– Acoustic* (only in Poznan)
• Sound Engineering
• Prosthetics of hearing
– Biophysics* (only in Poznan and Cracow)
– Technical Physics
• Biomedical engineering
– Nanotechnology* (only in Cracow)
Macro-field of study: an area of study combining fields of study which
have similar degree programme requirements;
Interdisciplinary programme: a degree programme provided jointly in
various fields of study by one or more higher education institutions;
Faculty of Physics
Adam Mickiewicz University
Faculty
of Physics
Doctoral studies
Institute
Institute
Institute
of Physics
of Acoustic
of Astronomy
Field of study:
Field of study:
Acoustic
Astronomy
Fields of study:
Biophysics
Physics
Field of study: Acoustic
1st cycle study
Field of study:
Acoustic
Specialization:
Specialization:
Prosthetics
of hearing
Sound
engineering
Field of study: Physics
1st cycle study
Field of study:
Physics
Specialization:
General Physics
Specialization:
Nanotechnology
Specjalization:
Applied
Computer Science
Field of study: Physics
2nd cycle study
Field of study:
Physics
Specialization:
Theoretical
Physics
Specialization:
Experimental
Physics
Specialization:
Nanotechnology
Specjalization:
Applied
Computer Science
Graduates' number
full time, long-cycle programmes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Acoustic – 50
Astronomy – 2
Biophysics/ Dispensing optics/Optometry – 25
Biophysics/ Medical Physics – 25
Physics/Theoretical physics – 3
Physics/ Experimental physics – 10
Physics/ Teaching of physics – 10
Physics/ Nanotechnology – 25
Physics/ Applied Computer Science – 75
Conclusions
• Advantages
– Implementation of three-cycle degree system 3+2+4
– much less structural barriers between cycles.
– increasing the compatibility and comparability of our higher
education system,
– students' better mobility (between fields of study and between
different faculties and universities)
– qualifications better suited to the labour market, compulsory
practice
– Progress towards the EHEA
• Disadvantages
– ???
– ???
“The strategy for increasing R&D
expenditure to achieve the Lisbon Strategy
objectives”
the Council of Ministers, March 2004
The Polish priority for research and
development activities include four groups
of activity:
– Info
– Techno (Nano)
– Bio
– and Basics.
Form of study
• Full-time programmes: a form of study in which the
curriculum comprises courses requiring direct
participation of academic staff and students, with the
course load defined in the degree programme
requirements for this form of study. Such programmes
are free of charge (formerly used term: regular or daytime programmes).
• Part-time programmes: a form of study other than fulltime programmes complying with the degree programme
requirements defined for this form of study, and specified
by the senate of a TEI (HEI). This form of study is
paid; it formerly covered evening, extramural and
extension programmes.
In the entire period between 1990/91 – 2003/04, the
number of students in Poland increased 4.7 times,
whereas the number of academic teachers by 42%.
Academic teachers
account for 55.9% of all
employees in tertiary
education; 55% of all
employees in public
TEIs and 60.9% in nonpublic TEIs.
Demography in Poland
Size of age group 19-24 years