CHAPTER 14

BLOOD www.cesnur.org

     TISSUE TYPE ?

 CONNECTIVE FUNCTIONS ?

 TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN CELLS AND ENVIRONMENT/HOMEOSTASIS FORMED ELEMENTS: CELLS, PLATELETS LIQUID: PLASMA 8% BODY WT; 5 LITERS

HEMATOCRIT

en.wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

~ 45% RBC; 1% WBC & PLATELETS; 55% PLASMA

BLOOD CELL FORMATION

users.rcn.com

HEMATAPOIETIC STEM CELLS/HEMOCYTOBLASTS HEMATAPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS

RED BLOOD CELL FORMATION

  MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS (CYTOKINES AND/OR HORMONES)     ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) THROMBOPOIETIN (TPO) INTERLEUKIN-7 (IL-7) GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF)    GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR (G-CSF)  INTERLEUKIN-5 (IL-5) INTERLEUKIN-3 MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (M-CSF)

RED BLOOD CELLS

image.bloodline.net

    

RBC CHARACTERISTICS

7.5 µm DIAMETER BICONCAVE ?

HEMOGLOBIN ??

   1/3 OF TOTAL VOLUME OXYHEMOGLOBIN = BRIGHT RED ??

DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN = DARKER RED NO NUCLEUS ??

  NO RNA ??

NO REPLICATION ??

ENERGY FROM GLYCOLYSIS ONLY ??

RED BLOOD CELL

www.bsip.com

MALE: 4.6 – 6.2 MILLION/MICROLITER FEMALE: 4.2 – 5.4 MILLION/MICROLITER CHILD: 4.5 – 5.1 MILLION/MICROLITER INCREASE OR DECREASE AFFECTS OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY OF BLOOD

RED BLOOD CELL

www.revisionbuster.com

  

RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION

VITAMIN B12 AND FOLIC ACID   DNA SYNTHESIS VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY: PARIETAL CELLS (STOMACH) NOT PRODUCING INTRINSIC FACTOR (GIF); CAN’T ABSORB VITAMIN B12 IN SMALL INTESTINE IRON   MOST REUSED WHEN RBC REPROCESSED SMALL AMOUNT ABSORBED ANEMIA ??

RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION

  FIRST:  YOLK SAC, LIVER, SPLEEN AFTER BIRTH:  RED BONE MARROW

DESTRUCTION OF RBCs

      DAMAGED RBC RUPTURE IN LIVER OR SPLEEN MACROPHAGES DESTROY DAMAGED RBC HEMOGLOBIN  HEME  BILIVERDIN  BILIRUBIN: EXCRETED WITH BILIVERDIN AS BILE SALTS IRON BINDS TO TRANSFERRIN  TISSUE  HEMOGLOBIN HEMATOPOIETIC 80% STORED AS FERRITIN IN LIVER GLOBIN  AMINO ACIDS  METABOLIZED BY MACROPHAGES OR SENT TO BLOOD STREAM

NEUTROPHIL

bioweb.uwlax.edu

LYMPHOCYTE

bioweb.uwlax.edu

MONOCYTE

bioweb.uwlax.edu

EOSINOPHIL

bioweb.uwlax.edu

BASOPHIL

bioweb.uwlax.edu

DENDRITIC CELL

/www.cdaarthritis.com

DENDRITIC CELL

focus.hms.harvard.edu

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

  GRANULOCYTES: GRANULAR CYTOPLASM  NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS AGRANULOCYTES  MONOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

  NEUTROPHILS:  FINE GRANULES, OLDER: 2-5 LOBED NUCLEUS (PMNs), YOUNGER: C SHAPED (BANDS), FIRST AT INFECTION, 54-62% OF CIRCULATING WBCs, PHAGOCYTIZE SMALL PARTICLES: BACTERIA, FUNGI, SOME VIRUSES EOSINOPHILS:  COARSE UNIFROMLY SIZED GRANULES, BILOBED, MODERATE ALLERGIC REACTIONS, ATTACK PARASITIC WORMS, 1-3% OF WBCs

 BASOPHILS:  SIMILAR TO EOSINOPHILS (SIZE AND NUCLEI SHAPE) , FEW, IRREGULARLY SHAPED GRANULES, RELEASE HISTAMINE ? AND HEPARIN ?

AGRANULOCYTES

  MONOCYTES:  LARGEST, NUCLEI MANY SHAPES, CAN BECOME MACROPHAGES IN TISSUE, CONSUME: BACTERIA, DEAD CELLS AND DEBRIES, 3-9%; LIVE WEEKS TO MONTHS LYMPHOCYTES:  SMALLEST WBC, LARGE ROUND NUCLEUS, T AND B CELLS; T: DIRECTLY ATTACK CELLS: BACTERIA, TUMOR, TRANSPLANTS; B CELLS: ANTIBODIES

DENDRITIC CELLS

 PRESENT IN SURFACE TISSUES (SKIN); ACTIVATED AND GO TO LYMPH NODES TO STIMULATE T AND B CELLS; SIGNAL PHAGOCYTES;

DIFF

www.maexamhelp.com

DIAPEDESIS

www.mybloodyourblood.org

HISTAMINE

en.wikipedia.org

CHEMOTAXIS

 http://www.cellsalive.com/qtmovs/chemot x_mov.htm

CHEMOTAXIS

www.whfreeman.com



WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS

4.5 – 10 THOUSAND PER MICROLITER  LEUKOCYTOSIS   MORE THAN 10,000 ACUTE INFECTION; VIGOROUS EXERCISE; EMOTIONAL DISTRESS; BODY FLUID LOSS;  LEUKOPENIA   LESS THAN 4,500 TYPHOID FEVER; FLU; MEASLES; MUMPS; CHICKENPOX; AIDS; POLIOMYELITUS; ANEMIA; LEAD, ARSENIC, MERCURY POISONING DIFF

MEGAKARYOCYTES

www.academic.marist.edu

PLATLETS

       FORM FROM ??

FORM PLATLETS WHEN FRAGMENTS TRAVEL THROUGH LUNGS SMALL PACKETS OF CYTOPLASM/ ½ SIZE OF RBC LIVE 10 DAYS; AMEBOID MEVEMENT 130,000 – 160,000 PER MICROLITER STICK TO BROKEN SURFACES FOR REPAIR RELEASE SEROTONIN TO CONTRACT SMOOTH MUSCLE

PLATELETS

www.psbc.org

www.psbc.org

PLASMA

  

ALBUMEN GLOBULIN

www.friedli.com

www.ssi.dk

CLEAR, STRAW COLORED ~92% H2O; AND NUTRIENTS; GASES; VITAMINS; HELP REGULATE FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE AND Ph; HOMEOSTASIS

PLASMA PROTEINS

  MOST ABUNDANT DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES IN PLASMA ALBUMIN     60%/WEIGHT BUT SMALLEST SYNTHESIZED IN LIVER IMPORTANT FOR OSMOTIC PRESSURE ??

  COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE REGULATE WATER COMPOSITION BLOOD VOLUME   CONTROLS AFFECTS BLOOD PRESSURE ALSO ACT AS CARRIERS: BIND THINGS LIKE HORMONES, BILLIVERDIN, FATTY ACIDS,

  GLOBULINS      36% ALPH AND BETA GLOBULINS SYNTHESIZED BY LIVER TRANSPORT LIPIDS, FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS GAMMA PRODUCED BY LYMPHATIC TISSUE ANTIBODIES FIBRINOGEN   4% BLOOD CLOTTING

GASES AND NUTRIENTS

  BLOOD GASES ??

 OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NITROGEN PLASMA NUTRIENTS    AMINO ACIDS, SIMPLE SUGARS, NUCLEOTIDES, LIPIDS FROM SMALL INTESTINE LIPIDS: TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, CHOLESTEROL/ WATER SOLUBLE ????

MUST BE CARRIED BY PLASMA PROTEINS

 

NONPROTEIN NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES (NPNs)

AMINO ACIDS, UREA, URIC ACID, CREATINE, CREATININE PRODUCED BY ??

 PROTEIN CATABOLISM OR ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS   PROTEIN CATABOLISM NUCLEIC ACID CATABOLISM  CREATINE METABOLISM FORMS CREATININE GENERALLY PROTEIN INTAKE AND EXCRETION OF NITROGENOUS WASTES IS EQUAL UNLESS KIDEYS ARE NOT WORKING CORRECTLY

    

PLASMA ELECTROLYTES

ELECTROLYTES BECOME IONS WHEN DISSOLVED IN H2O ABSORBED BY INTESTINES OR FORMED DURING METABOLISM SODIUM, POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM, CHLORIDE, BICARBONATE, PHOSPHATE, SULFATE IONS SODIUM AND CHLORIDE ARE MOST ABUNDANT BICARBONATE: MAINTIANING OSMOTIC PRESSURE, AND PLAMSA pH

HEMOSTASIS

  STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING BY:  BLOOD   VESSEL SPASM PLATLET PLUG CLOTTING /image.bloodline.net

BLOOD VESSEL SPASM

   VASOSPASM: SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTS WHY?

REFLEX A FEW SECONDS, DIRECT STIMULTATION LASTS 30 MIN PLATELETS RELEASE SEROTONIN WHICH AGMENTS THIS REACTION

PLATELET PLUG

   PLATELETS ATTACH TO COLLAGEN EXPOSED UNDER EPITHELIAL LINING COLLAGEN CAUSES THE PRODUCTION OF MANY TINY SPINOUS PROCESSES ON PLATELETS SO STICK TOGETHER TO FORM A PLUG ONLY WORKS ON SMALLER BLOOD VESSEL BREAKS

    

BLOOD COAGULATION/CLOT

WOUND = EXTRINSIC FACTORS FOREIGN SURFACE (PLASTIC) = INTRINSIC FACTORS CASCADE: A SERIES OF REACTIONS THAT ALL STIMULATE THE NEXT REACTION.

DEPENDS ON AMOUNT OF PROCOAGULANTS AND ANTICOAGULANTS USUALLY MORE ANTICOAGULANTS

EXTRINSIC CLOTTING MECHANISM

   WOUND: RELEASES TISSUE THROMOPLASTIN (FACTOR III) WHICH EVENTUALLY CONVERTS THROMBOPLASTIN USING CALCIUM AND FORMING PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR CHANGES PROTHROMBIN (ALPHA GLOBULIN) TO THROMBIN

     THROMBIN CHANGES FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN FIBRIN STICKS TO DAMAGED SURFACES, TRAPS CELLS AND PLATELETS = CLOT POSITIVE FEEDBACK ???

GENERALLY BLOOD ONLY COAGULATES WHERE IT IS STILL OR SLOW BLOOD NORMALLY CARRIES THROMBIN AWAY KEEPING ITS CONCENTRATION TOO LOW FOR COAGULATION AND ANTITHROMBININ BLOOD AND ON VESSEL WALLS KEEPS THROMBIN FROM FORMING

INTRINSIC FACTOR

   WHEN EXPOSED TO COLLAGEN OR GLASS IT STIMULATES HAGEMAN FACTOR (FACTOR XII); ACTIVATES FACTOR XI; ACTIVATES FACTOR IX; ALONG WITH FACTOR VIII AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS ACTIVATES FACTOR X FACTOR X PLUS CALCIUM IONS PRODUCES PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR THEN LIKE EXTRINSIC FACTOR

    

BLOOD CLOTS FATE

DRIES AND SHRINKS PULLING EDGES IN PLATELETS RELEASE PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR (PDGF) STIMULATE FIBROBLASTS AND SMOOTH MUSCLE TO REPAIR DAMAGE FIBROBLASTS PRODUCE CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS TO STRENGTHEN CLOT PLASMINOGEN PICKED UP BY FIBERS PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR FROM LYSOSOMES CAUSES PLASMINOGEN TO BECOME PLASMIN WHICH IS AN ENZYME THAT DIGESTS FIBRIN

    THROMBOSSIS:  ABNORMALLY FORMED BLOOD CLOT EMBOLUS:  A CLOT THAT BREAKS FREE EMBOLISM:  A BLOCKAGE DUE TO AN EMBOLUS ATHEROSCLEROSIS:  ACCUMULATION OF FATS ALONG BLOOD VESSEL WALLS ??

   

PREVENTION OF CLOTS

SMOOTH ENDOTHELIUM   ENDOTHELIAL CELLS SECRETE A PROSTAGLANDIN: PROSTACYCLIN PREVENTS PLATELETS FROM STICKING THROMBIN ABSORBED BY FIBRIN THREADS SO IT CAN’T SPREAD ANTITHROMBIN: ALPHA GLOBULIN  BINDS THROMBIN AND PREVENTS ACTION ON FIBRINOGEN HEPARIN FROM:   MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS (ESPECIALLY LIVER AND LUNGS) ??

INTERFERES WITH PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR PRODUCTION

CLOTTING

www.evowiki.org

users.rcn.com

CLOTTING

US BLOOD TYPES

         Blood Type & Rh How Many Have It Frequency O Rh Positive 1 person in 3 37.4% O Rh Negative 1 person in 15 6.6% A Rh Positive 1 person in 3 35.7% A Rh Negative 1 person in 16 6.3% B Rh Positive 1 person in 12 8.5% B Rh Negative 1 person in 67 1.5% AB Rh Positive 1 person in 29 3.4% AB Rh Negative 1 person in 167 0.6%

BLOOD TYPES

    ANTIGEN: AGGLUTINOGEN: FOREGIN PROTEIN ANTIBODIES: AGGLUTININS: ATTACK FOREIGN PROTEINS AGGLUTINATION: WHEN WRONG BLOOD TYPES ARE TRANSFUSED ANTIBODIES ARE FORMED IN PLASMA 2 8 MONTHS AFTER BIRTH

BLOOD TYPES

gslc.genetics.utah.edu

TRANSFUSIONS

    TRANSFUSIONS OF SAME BLOOD IS BEST ??

O BLOOD HAS A AND B ANTIBODIES ??

SO SHOULD BE ADDED SLOWLY REMOVING PLASMA REMOVES ANTIBODIES

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS

gslc.genetics.utah.edu

Rh FACTOR

  ANTIGEN D, C, c, E ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT BUT ABOUT 50 PROTEINS ARE INVOLVED + OR – REFERS TO THE D FACTOR ONLY 

ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS

   WHEN MOTHER IS – AND FATHER IS POSITIVE ??

IF BABY IS POSITIVE (MOTHER -) TREAT WITH IgG anti-D ANTIBODIES (Rho(D) Immune Globulin)

BLOOD TYPING GAME

 http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational /landsteiner/index.html

TYPE O

Type O "Hot".

  

Traits

Confident and Strong-Willed, Proud, Dedicated, Sociable, Energetic, Extroverted, Frank, Realist, Showy, Flighty, Generalist, Positive, Independent, Risk-Takers, Dislike taking orders, Insecure, Stubborn & Self Centered.

Make friends easily and go with flow and grasp opportunity. Quick to start a project or chase an idea. Are good at organizing activities. May have short attention span, and expresses strong emotions. May quickly take opposite views that are deep but not always durable. Classic entrepreneurs and movers and shakers.

Express their emotions but can be swayed by other blood types. Have an intrinsic elegance. Sociable and showy. May be good at adapting to circumstances. Words come easily to them. Not self conscious and will frankly reveal inner feelings. Ambitious, but may have issues with detail.

Like to be touch and be touched by others.

TYPE A

      

Type A "Cool" Population

Roughly 34% of the world is A +ve and 6% A -ve.

 

Traits

Obedient, Careful, Sympathetic, Self-Sacrificing, Polite, Honest, Loyal, Emotional, Introverted & Nervous.

Are reserved calm and even tempered. Sensitive to public opinion. May be Introverted, shy and nervous or ill at ease with others. May be Pessimistic. Value relationships and are loyal. Hesitant to change. Nature lovers and dislike crowds - need a private place or secret hideaway. Can be indecisive. Good at team work and obey rules.

Dislike to touch or be touched by others.

TYPE B

      

Type B "Active" Population

Roughly 9% of the world is B +ve and 2% B -ve.

 

Traits

Cheerful, Optimistic, Active, Sensitive, Kind, Forgetful, unorganized, Noisy, Egocentric Energetic and have the drive to reach towards goals. May be workaholics. Not the best team players and are individualistic. Do things at one's own pace. Strong personality adventurous. Likes to get one's own way. Are Sociable and enjoy entertaining.

Like to touch or be touched by others.

TYPE AB

      

Type AB "Care-Free" Population

Roughly 4% of the world is AB +ve and 1% AB -ve.

 

Traits

Social, Easy-going, Sympathetic, Diplomatic, Outgoing, Laid-back, Creative, Unpredictable, Artistic, Flexible, Moody and Brooding.

Blend of opposites. Shy with some and bold with some. Introvert and Extrovert. Unpredictable and may seem to have calm exterior. Strong creative strain. Good at spotting problems and skirting them. Like city environment. Get bored easily. Everything they do is compelling. Never take things for granted. Appear mysterious. Contribute harmoniously to society.

Dislike to touch or be touched by others.