Transcript static.abbottnutrition.com

Introduction to Basic Nutrition Concepts
1
Nutrients—Essential vs Nonessential
 Nutrient: Chemical substance in food that contributes to health
 Essential nutrient: Needed by the body and must come from diet
because of absent or inadequate synthesis
– When left out of the diet, results in poor health
– Examples: Vitamin A, iron, tryptophan, linoleic acid
 Nonessential nutrient: No specific dietary requirement
– Examples: Cholesterol, beta-carotene (pre-vitamin A), alanine, palmitic acid
– May have physiological functions in the body, but dietary supply is not
needed because of the body’s ability to synthesize sufficient amounts
– In the case of vitamin A, beta-carotene is not required if there is retinol
(already formed vitamin A) in the diet
 Conditional essentiality: Nutrient may be essential in the diet
under certain circumstances
– Example: Vitamin D in those without adequate sun exposure
2
The 6 Major Classes of Nutrients
 Water
 Carbohydrate
Macronutrients (needed in larger amounts)
 Fats/lipids
 Protein
 Vitamins
Micronutrients (needed in smaller amounts)
 Minerals
 Macronutrients provide energy (kcals, or nutritional/food
calories), but micronutrients do not
 Note: Ethanol provides energy, but is not considered
a nutrient
Abbreviation: kcal, kilocalorie (1 food or nutritional calorie = 1,000 energy or scientific calories).
3
Dietary Carbohydrates
 Sugars
– Monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose)
– Disaccharides
• Sucrose: glucose + fructose
• Lactose: glucose + galactose
• Maltose: glucose + glucose
 Starches (polymer, or chain, of many glucose units)
 Dietary fibers
4
Glycogen
 Glycogen is carbohydrate stored as glucose polymers in muscle
 Average, well-nourished 80-kg man stores ~500 g of carbohydrate
in the body
– 90 to 110 g as glycogen in the liver (can be broken down to glucose
for use as fuel throughout the body)
– 400 g as glycogen in muscles (for use as fuel only by muscles)
– 2 to 3 g as circulating blood glucose
 Glycogen stores can be modified with diet and exercise
(eg, carbohydrate loading, tapering of training)
Abbreviations: g, grams; kg, kilograms.
5
Dietary Lipids (Fats)
 Triglycerides (glycerol + fatty acids)
– Fatty acids
• Saturated
• Monounsaturated
• Polyunsaturated (essential fatty acids, linoleic and
linolenic acids)
– Omega-3, omega-6
• Trans
– Main fatty acids in diet are typically 12 carbon atoms or longer
– Medium-chain triglycerides contain fatty acids primarily in the
8 to 10 carbon atom range
 Cholesterol
 Phospholipids
6
Protein
 Proteins are chains of amino acids (~20 total in food)
 9 essential amino acids in human nutrition
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Histidine
Methionine
Lysine
Phenylalanine
– Other amino acids (eg, alanine) can be made in the body
 Sometimes an amino acid can become conditionally essential,
depending on disease or stress to the body
7
Vitamins
 Fat-soluble
– Vitamins A, D, E, and K
 Water-soluble
Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Folic acid
Pantothenic acid
Lysine
Vitamin C
Biotin
Choline
8
Minerals
Major Minerals
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Chloride
Sulfur
Iron
Chromium
Molybdenum
Zinc
Fluoride
Iodide
Selenium
Manganese
Copper
Sodium
Trace Minerals
Other minerals that might have nutritional functions, but are not considered
essential nutrients
Boron
Silicon
Nickel
Arsenic
Vanadium
9
Measurement Units in Nutrition
 1 kcal = heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg
of water by 1 degree Celsius (bomb calorimeter)
– Nutritional calorie (Calorie), or kcal, is equivalent to 1,000
scientific (energy) calories
• Note difference between capital and small letter c
– When we casually say a slice of bread has 70 Calories, we really
mean 70 kcal, or 70 nutritional calories
Useful conversions
28.35 g = 1 oz
1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints = 16 cups
3 tsp = 1 T
29.57 mL = 1 fl oz
1 kg = 1,000 g = 2.205 lb
16 T = 1 cup
1 cup = 8 fl oz = 236.7 mL
2.54 cm = 1 inch
1 tsp liquid  5 mL
1 g = 1,000 mg = 1,000,000 µg
1 L = 10 dL = 1,000 mL = 1.06 quart
1 tsp powder  5 g
1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints = 16 cups
1 kcal = 4.184 kjoule
Abbreviations: cm, centimeter; dL, deciliter; fl, fluid; g, gram; kcal, kilocalories (1 food or nutritional calorie = 1,000 energy or scientific calories); kg, kilogram;
kjoule, kilojoule; L, liter; lb, pound; µg, microgram; mg, milligram; mL, milliliter; oz, ounce; T, tablespoon; tsp, teaspoon.
10
Energy Constants for Macronutrients
 Carbohydrate (general): 4 kcal/g
– Dietary fibers typically between 0 to 2 kcal/g (depends on
fermentability by gut bacteria)
 Protein (general): 4 kcal/g
 Fat (general): 9 kcal/g
– Medium-chain triglyceride oil: 8.3 to 8.5 kcal/g
 Ethanol: 7 kcal/g
Abbreviations: g, gram; kcal, kilocalorie (1 food or nutritional calorie = 1,000 energy or scientific calories).
11
Calculating Kilocalories for a Granola Bar
Serving size
1 bar
Calories on label
Carbohydrate
Fiber
Fat
100
17 g (16 g without fiber)
1g
3g
4 kcal/g
9 kcal/g
Calculated kcals (carbohydrates + protein + fat)
(16 g × 4 kcal/g) + (2 g × 4 kcal/g) + (3 g × 9 kcal/g) = 103 kcals
Calculated kcals (fat)
27/103 × 100 = 26%
Abbreviations: g, gram; kcal, kilocalorie (1 food or nutritional calorie = 1,000 energy or scientific calories).
12
General Nutrition Guidelines
13
U.S. Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes
 Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
– Level of nutrient intake at which 50% of population would be deficient
 Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
– Level of intake that would meet the nutrient needs of practically all
healthy persons
 Adequate Intake (AI)
– Similar to RDA, but for nutrients for which there is not specific enough
information to determine an RDA
 Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
– Level of intake which, if exceeded on a chronic basis, increases the risk of
toxicity or adverse health effects
 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
– Guidelines for healthy percentages of kcals from carbohydrates, proteins,
and fats in the diet
 See supplementary slides for Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) tables
for each nutrient
14
Daily Values for Food Labels
 Food labels list the nutrient content as a percentage of
the Daily Value
 Two categories of Daily Values
– Reference Daily Intake
• For vitamins and minerals
• Based on RDAs from 1968
– Daily Reference Values
• For nutrients such as cholesterol or fiber that did not have
RDAs in 1968
• Based on recommendations from various health
organizations or a certain percentage of energy on a
2,000 or 2,500 kcal diet
Abbreviations: kcal, kilocalorie (1 food or nutritional calorie = 1,000 energy or scientific calories); RDA, recommended dietary allowance; RDI, reference daily intake. 15
Nutrition Facts
Reprinted from Center for Young Women’s Health, Children’s Hospital Boston: http://www.youngwomenshealth.org/nutrition_label.html.
16
USDA Food Guide Pyramid
Reprinted from US Department of Agriculture at: http://www.MyPyramid.gov.
17
Tools at MyPyramid.gov
 “Inside the Pyramid” page provides descriptions of each
food group
 Sample 2,000 kcal menus
 Individual MyPyramid plan based on your personal
height, weight, age, and activity level
 Menu planner
 “Child cost calculator” page provides an estimate on the
annual cost of raising a child
 Other graphics and tools
Abbreviations: kcal, kilocalorie (1 food or nutritional calorie = 1,000 energy or scientific calories).
18
Regulation of Dietetic Practice in the US
19
Understanding the Scope of the Practice of Dietetics
 The American Dietetic Association is the professional organization
for dietitians
– Commission on Dietetic Registration regulates the term
Registered Dietitian (RD)
– “Nutritionist” is a generally unregulated term
 44 states plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico require
licensure/certification/registration of dietitians or nutritionists
– Licensure is the most stringent of these requirements
– In a state with licensure, one cannot practice dietetics without a license
from the state board
– In states with licensure, most Licensed Dietitians (LD) are RDs
– Be aware of the laws in your state (http://www.cdrnet.org)
• Web site has links to state licensure boards/agencies
– From state to state, there are differences in what constitutes the practice
of dietetics
20
Appropriate Counseling and Referral
 Be aware of potential nutrition issues (eg, eating disorders)
 Maintain access to a qualified RD for nutritional issues that might
require higher level of nutritional or medical expertise
 To find a sports-oriented RD, go to
– http://www.eatright.org
– http://www.scandpg.org
Abbreviation: RD, Registered Dietician.
21
Supplementary Slides
22
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):
Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life stage Vit A,
group
µg/da
Males
9-13 y
600
14-18 y 900
19-30 y 900
31-50 y 900
51-70 y 900
> 70 y
900
Vit C, Vit D, Vit E,
mg/d µg/db,c mg/dd
45
75
90
90
90
90
5*
5*
5*
5*
10*
15*
11
15
15
15
15
15
Pantothenic
Vit K, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vit B6, Folate, Vit B12,
acid,
Biotin, Cholineg,
e
f
µg/d
mg/d
mg/d
mg/d mg/d µg/d µg/d
mg/d
µg/d
mg/d
60*
75*
120*
120*
120*
120*
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
12
16
16
16
16
16
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.7
300
400
400
400
400
400
1.8
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4h
2.4h
4*
5*
5*
5*
5*
5*
20*
25*
30*
30*
30*
30*
375*
550*
550*
550*
550*
550*
NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type
followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIS may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. The
AI for life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence
the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg b-carotene, 24 µg a-carotene, or 24 µg b-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold
greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b As cholecalciferol, 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
d As a-tocopherol. a-Tocopherol includes RRR-a-tocopherol, the only form of a-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-sterioisomeric form of a-tocopherol (RRR-,
RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-a-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of a-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-atocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0-6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an
empty stomach.
g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline
requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
h Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B , it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with
12
B12 or a supplement containing B12.
Adapted from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC; National Academies
Press; 2006:532-533.
23
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):
Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins (continued)
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life stage Vit A,
group
µg/da
Females
9-13 y
600
14-18 y 700
19-30 y 700
31-50 y 700
51-70 y 700
> 70 y
700
Vit C, Vit D, Vit E,
mg/d µg/db,c mg/dd
45
65
75
75
75
75
5*
5*
5*
5*
10*
15*
11
15
15
15
15
15
Pantothenic
Vit K, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vit B6, Folate, Vit B12,
acid,
Biotin, Cholineg,
e
f
µg/d
mg/d
mg/d
mg/d mg/d µg/d µg/d
mg/d
µg/d
mg/d
60*
75*
90*
90*
90*
90*
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
12
14
14
14
14
14
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.5
300
400i
400i
400i
400
400
1.8
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4h
2.4h
4*
5*
5*
5*
5*
5*
20*
25*
30*
30*
30*
30*
375*
400*
425*
425*
425*
425*
NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type
followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIS may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. The
AI for life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence
the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg b-carotene, 24 µg a-carotene, or 24 µg b-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold
greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b As cholecalciferol, 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
d As a-tocopherol. a-Tocopherol includes RRR-a-tocopherol, the only form of a-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-sterioisomeric form of a-tocopherol (RRR-,
RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-a-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of a-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-atocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0-6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an
empty stomach.
g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline
requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
h Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B , it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with
12
B12 or a supplement containing B12.
i In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from
supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily
occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
Adapted from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC; National Academies
Press; 2006:532-533.
24
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):
Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins (continued)
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life stage
group
Pregnancy
14-18 y
19-30 y
31-50 y
Lactation
14-18 y
19-30 y
31-50 y
Vit A,
µg/da
Vit C, Vit D, Vit E,
mg/d µg/db,c mg/dd
Pantothenic
Vit K, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vit B6, Folate, Vit B12,
acid,
Biotin, Cholineg,
e
f
µg/d
mg/d
mg/d
mg/d mg/d µg/d µg/d
mg/d
µg/d mg/d
750
770
770
80
85
85
5*
5*
5*
15
15
15
75*
90*
90*
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
18
18
18
1.9
1.9
1.9
600j
600j
600j
2.6
2.6
2.6
6*
6*
6*
30*
30*
30*
450*
450*
450*
1,200
1,300
1,300
115
120
120
5*
5*
5*
19
19
19
75*
90*
90*
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.6
17
17
17
2.0
2.0
2.0
500
500
500
2.8
2.8
2.8
7*
7*
7*
35*
35*
35*
550*
550*
550*
NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type
followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIS may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. The
AI for life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence
the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg b-carotene, 24 µg a-carotene, or 24 µg b-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold
greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b As cholecalciferol, 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
d As a-tocopherol. a-Tocopherol includes RRR-a-tocopherol, the only form of a-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-sterioisomeric form of a-tocopherol (RRR-,
RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-a-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of a-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-atocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0-6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an
empty stomach.
g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline
requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
h Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B , it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with
12
B12 or a supplement containing B12.
i In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from
supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily
occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
Adapted from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC; National Academies
Press; 2006:532-533.
25
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Vitamins
Niacin,
mg/dayd
Vitamin B6,
mg/day
Folate,
µg/dayd
Choline,
mg/day
9-13 y
20
60
600
2,000
1,200
1,700
50
600
14-18 y
30
80
800
3,000
1,800
2,800
50
800
19-70 y
35
100
1,000
3,500
2,000
3,000
50
1,000
> 70 y
35
100
1,000
3,500
2,000
3,000
50
1,000
≤ 18 y
30
80
800
3,000
1,800
2,800
50
800
19-50 y
35
100
1,000
3,500
2,000
3,000
50
1,000
≤ 18 y
30
80
800
3,000
1,800
2,800
50
800
19-50 y
35
100
1,000
3,500
2,000
3,000
50
1,000
Age, y
Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E,
mg/day
µg/dayb
µg/day
mg/dayc,d
Adults
Pregnancy
Lactation
a
UL = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and
supplements. In the absence of ULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.
b As preformed vitamin A only.
c As α-tocopherol; applies to any form of supplemental α-tocopherol.
d The ULs for vitamin E, niacin, and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6,
Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); and Dietary Reference
Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. (2001). These reports may be
accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
Adapted from Manore M, et al. Sport Nutrition for Health and Performance, 2nd ed. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics, 2009. With permission from Institute of Medicine of the
National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC; National Academies Press; 2006:538-539.
26
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):
Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life stage Calcium, Chromium, Copper, Fluoride, Iodine, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Phosphorus, Selenium, Zinc, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride,
group
mg/d
µg/d
µg/d
mg/d
µg/d mg/d
mg/d
mg/d
µg/d
mg/d
µg/d mg/d
g/d
g/d
g/d
Males
9-13 y
14-18 y
19-30 y
31-50 y
51-70 y
> 70 y
1,300*
1,300*
1,000*
1,000*
1,200*
1,200*
25*
35*
35*
35*
30*
30*
700
890
900
900
900
900
2*
3*
4*
4*
4*
4*
120
150
150
150
150
150
8
11
8
8
8
8
240
410
400
420
420
420
1.9*
2.2*
2.3*
2.3*
2.3*
2.3*
34
43
45
45
45
45
1,250
1,250
700
700
700
700
40
55
55
55
55
55
8
11
11
11
11
11
4.5*
4.7*
4.7*
4.7*
4.7*
4.7*
1.5*
1.5*
1.5*
1.5*
1.3*
1.2*
2.3*
2.3*
2.3*
2.3*
2.0*
1.8*
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be
used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. The AI for life stage and gender groups is believed to cover
needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6,
Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for
Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for
Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2004). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
Adapted from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC; National Academies
Press; 2006:534-535.
27
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):
Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements (continued)
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life stage Calcium, Chromium, Copper, Fluoride, Iodine, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Phosphorus, Selenium, Zinc, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride,
group
mg/d
µg/d
µg/d
mg/d
µg/d mg/d
mg/d
mg/d
µg/d
mg/d
µg/d mg/d
g/d
g/d
g/d
Females
9-13 y 1,300*
14-18 y 1,300*
19-30 y 1,000*
31-50 y 1,000*
51-70 y 1,200*
> 70 y 1,200*
Pregnancy
14-18 y 1,300*
19-30 y 1,000*
31-50 y 1,000*
Lactation
14-18 y 1,300*
19-30 y 1,000*
31-50 y 1,000*
21*
24*
25*
25*
20*
20*
700
890
900
900
900
900
2*
3*
3*
3*
3*
3*
120
150
150
150
150
150
8
15
18
18
8
8
240
360
310
320
320
320
1.6*
1.6*
1.8*
1.8*
1.8*
1.8*
34
43
45
45
45
45
1,250
1,250
700
700
700
700
40
55
55
55
55
55
8
9
8
8
8
8
4.5*
4.7*
4.7*
4.7*
4.7*
4.7*
1.5*
1.5*
1.5*
1.5*
1.3*
1.2*
2.3*
2.3*
2.3*
2.3*
2.0*
1.8*
29*
30*
30*
1,000
1,000
1,000
3*
3*
3*
220
220
220
27
27
27
400
350
360
2.0*
2.0*
2.0*
50
50
50
1,250
700
700
60
60
60
12
11
11
4.7*
4.7*
4.7*
1.5*
1.5*
1.5*
2.3*
2.3*
2.3*
44*
45*
45*
1,300
1,300
1,300
3*
3*
3*
290
290
290
10
9
9
360
310
320
2.6*
2.6*
2.6*
50
50
50
1,250
700
700
70
70
70
13
12
12
5.1*
5.1*
5.1*
1.5*
1.5*
1.5*
2.3*
2.3*
2.3*
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be
used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. The AI for life stage and gender groups is believed to cover
needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B 6,
Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for
Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for
Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2004). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
Adapted from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC; National Academies
Press; 2006:534-535.
28
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Elements
Age, y
Adults
9-13 y
14-18 y
19-70 y
> 70 y
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y
19-50 y
Lactation
≤ 18 y
19-50 y
Sodium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium,
Iron,
mg/day mg/day mg/day
mg/day
mg/dayb mg/dayb
2,200
2,300
2,300
2,300
3,400
3,600
3,600
3,600
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
4,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
350
350
350
350
40
45
45
45
2,300
2,300
3,600
3,600
2,500
2,500
3,500
3,500
350
350
45
45
2,300
2,300
3,600
3,600
2,500
2,500
4,000
4,000
350
350
45
45
a
UL = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and
supplements. In the absence of ULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.
b The ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only and do not include intake from food and water.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B 6,
Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); and Dietary Reference
Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. (2001); and Dietary Reference
Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2004). These reports may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu.
Adapted from Manore M, et al. Sport Nutrition for Health and Performance, 2nd ed. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics, 2009. With permission from Institute of Medicine of the
National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC; National Academies Press; 2006:540-541.
29
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
Macronutrient
Fat
Linoleic acida
Linolenic acida
Carbohydrate
Protein
Percentage of energy, range
Children 1 - 3 y Children 4 - 18 y
Adults
30 - 40
5 - 10
0.6 - 1.2
25 - 35
5 - 10
0.6 - 1.2
20 - 35
5 - 10
0.6 - 1.2
45 - 65
5 - 20
45 - 65
10 - 30
45 - 65
10 - 35
a
Approximately 10% of the total can come from longer-chain n-3 or n-6 fatty acids.
Abbreviations: y, years of age.
Adapted from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC;
National Academies Press; 2006:537.
30