Transcript EbD Strategy for K

Foundations of Technology
Modeling and Prototypes
Teacher Resource – Unit 2 Lesson 5
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
The BIG Idea
Big Idea:
At various intervals of the Engineering Design
Process, conceptual, mathematical, and
physical models are used to evaluate the
design solution.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Why Do We Use Models?
Models are used throughout the Engineering Design
Process to make observations and develop predictions.
Those observations and predictions are then evaluated
and, if necessary, solution is redesigned.
Modeling allows an engineer/designer to test ideas
against real-world conditions without incurring the cost
of developing the product.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Types of Models
Models can be conceptual, mathematical, or
physical.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models
Conceptual models are abstract models that
use language and graphic-based
representations to convey meaning.
They can include:
Technical Writing
Graphs and Charts
Annotated Sketches
Technical Drawings
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models –
Technical Writing
Technical Writing is a very precise style of
writing. Good technical writers practice:
Clarity – the accurate use of words. Avoid
jargon, abbreviations, slang, and unknown
terms.
Brevity – only essential language should be
included. The key information should be
stated first.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models –
Technical Writing
Good technical writers practice:
Simplicity – provide necessary details. Do
not use flowery language or needlessly
complex language.
Active Voice – use straightforward and
strong language. Do not use a passive
voice.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models –
Graphs and Charts
Graphs and charts are commonly used to
show a relationship between two or more
variables and to highlight a trend(s) for the
audience.
Graphs and charts are
commonly used to show
data and results from
evaluations.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models –
Graphs and Charts
Graphs and charts commonly appear in the
form of:
Line Graph – used to show the relationship
between two or more objects and/or a trend.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models –
Graphs and Charts
Graphs and charts commonly appear in the
form of:
Bar Graph – used to show the relationship
between objects by measuring frequency.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models –
Graphs and Charts
Graphs and charts commonly appear in the
form of:
Pie Chart – used to compare
parts/percentages within one set of data.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models –
Graphs and Charts
Graphs and charts commonly appear in the
form of:
Venn Diagram – used to show overlap
between two or more sets of data.
Data 1
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Data 2
Conceptual Models –
Annotated Sketches
Annotated Sketches are sketches that
include notes or labels, dimensions, and/or
symbols.
Sketches are often used
to show an idea or
visibly capture a thought.
All sketches should include
some type of annotation.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models –
Technical Drawings
Technical drawing is a visual communication
language that is used to communicate how
something works or is constructed.
All technical drawings include:
Standard symbols
Units of measurement
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models –
Technical Drawings
Technical Drawings can be produced using
paper and pencil or on a computer using
computer-aided design (CAD).
We will use two basics types of
technical drawings:
Orthographic projection
Isometric projection
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Mathematical Models
Mathematical models are abstract models
that use the language of mathematics to
describe the behavior of the solution.
They can include:
Statistical models
Differential equations
Game theoretic models
(computer simulation)
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Mathematical Models
Mathematical models are used to simulate
how a system or product might behave.
They frequently use symbolic algebra to
represent and explain
mathematical relationships.
Computers are often used to
improve mathematical models by
performing long, complicated,
and/or repetitive calculations.
Mathematical models are used to
express ideas precisely.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Creating a
Mathematical Model
Prior to developing a mathematical model
you must first determine:
The output or what you would like the model
to achieve.
The available data or what
information can be used in
the model.
What research has been done to
develop similar models.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Creating a
Mathematical Model
Once the background information and
output have been developed, you should:
Identify relationships among variables.
Create/use an equation that
relates those variables.
Check the model for
accuracy against similar
systems or products.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Physical Models
Physical models are three-dimensional
models that represent the solution.
They can include:
Mock-Up – a representation
of the final solution that
does not function.
Prototype – performs the
final solution and can
be used for testing/evaluation.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Physical Models –
Mock-Up
A mock-up is a scale or full-size model
primarily used for testing or demonstration.
Mock-Ups are primarily used by
engineers/designers to collect feedback
from potential users.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology
Physical Models Prototype
A prototype is a scale or full-size working or
partially working model.
Prototypes are
primarily used by
engineers/designers to
test and evaluate the
design to further
develop the product.
© 2013 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association
STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™
Foundations of Technology