Transcript Document
Mastering the Common Core
A Hands-On Approach Lucinda Evans, AIHE Professional Development
The Common Core State Standards
An Overview
Part 1
O
What are the Common Core State Standards?
The Common Core State Standards for Literacy and Mathematics (CCSS) are the culmination of an effort by the states to create the next generation of K–12 standards in order to help ensure that all students are college and career ready in literacy no later than the end of high school.
O The Standards are (1) research and evidence based, (2) aligned with college and work expectations, (3) rigorous, and (4) internationally benchmarked.
O The focus is on learning expectations for students, not how students get there
O The Common Core State Standards provide a consistent, clear understanding of what students are expected to learn, so teachers and parents know what they need to do to help them. O The standards are designed to be rigorous and relevant to the real world, reflecting the knowledge and skills that our young people need for success in college and careers. O With American students fully prepared for the future, our communities will be best positioned to compete successfully in the global economy.
What are the literacy standards for social studies/ history?
O O Embedded in the CCSS for grades 6-12 are literacy standards in history/ social studies.
These standards: O O O are based on teachers using their content area expertise to help students meet the particular challenges of reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language in their content area. are not meant to replace content standards but rather to supplement them. States may incorporate these standards into their standards for those subjects or adopt them as content area literacy standards.
focus on the reading, comprehension and analysis of increasingly complex primary and secondary sources
What is the implementation timeline?
O The CCSS will be phased in over five years: O 2010-2012: Phase One- Awareness and Understanding; Alignment and Adoption O O O 2011-2013: Phase Two- Build Statewide Capacity; Collaborate to Develop and Align Resources and Materials 2011-2014: Phase Three- Professional Development and Classroom Transition 2012-2015: Phase Four- Statewide Implementation through the Assessment System (Pilot in 2013-2014, Full Implementation in 2014 2015)
O
How will the CCSS impact assessment?
Common Core State Assessments are currently in development.
O They will most likely ask students to: O O O read, comprehend and analyze documents compare and contrast documents and/ or identify common thematic threads synthesize information and apply it to a writing task O Ideally the assessments will be online and require students to download documents and complete the writing task online.
Taking a Closer Look at the Standards
O The Common Core Literacy Standards are divided into four broad categories: O Contextualization O Key Ideas and Details O Craft and Structure O Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
O O
What are the Common Core Content Literacy skills?
Contextualization
O O O Establishing time, scope and Sequence Understanding the big picture Establishing the values and beliefs of the time
Craft and Structure
O Identifying and defining key terms O O Determining the main idea Identifying the Author’s bias or point of view O O
Key Ideas and Details
O Assessing the reliability of the information O O Evaluation of argument and reasoning Comparing ideas within and across texts
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
O Analysis of multiple sources and perspectives O O Understanding multiple perspectives Assessing different interpretations over time
Thinking Like a Historian
Building student understanding of the past
Part 2
Common Core
• • • • The Common Core Standards require students to: Analyze documents Compare and Contrast multiple documents Interpret documents and readings Synthesize the information into a written product Thinking Like a Historian provides students with many of the discreet skills that are absolutely necessary to successfully navigate the assessments mandated by the Common Core Standards
Gordon S. Wood
We Americans have such a thin and meager sense of history that we cannot get too much of it.
What we need more than anything is a deeper and fuller sense of the historical process, a sense of where we have come from and how we became what we are.
Building Step by Step
• The skills are divided into • three major steps or tiers Each tier serves as a foundation for those that come • afterward The tiers build from the broadest and more general to the more specific
BUILDING A FOUNDATION FOR LEARNING
TIER 3: “THE ATTIC” CONTEXT AND INTERPRETATION TIER 2: “MAIN FLOOR” ANALOGY AND EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL MATERIAL TIER 1: “THE BASEMENT” BUILDING A FOUNDATION OF THE PAST
Tier 1
Building a Foundation to Acquire Historical Knowledge TIER 1: “THE BASEMENT” BUILDING A FOUNDATION OF THE PAST
Seeing the BIG Picture of History
O O O Establishing time, scope, and sequence in which the events of an era take place Establishing the location at which events happened Associate events with contemporary actions throughout the world TIER 1
Determining the Main Idea
O O Eliminate details and information that is non-essential Establish the crucial elements of events, documents, or other material TIER 1
Avoid Historical Presentism
O O O Establishing the values and beliefs of the time as a lens to analyze the past Using the values of the time to analyze historical meaning Compare and contrast the values of the past with those of the present TIER 1
Tier 2
Analyzing and Evaluating those items from Tier 1 TIER 2: MAIN FLOOR ANALOGY AND EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL MATERIAL TIER 1: “THE BASEMENT” BUILDING A FOUNDATION OF THE PAST
Bias and Reliability of Sources
O O Determination of bias and unique point of view of historical sources Establishing and assess the degree of reliability of historical sources TIER 2
Establish a Personal Connection to the Past
O O Seek and utilize personal or local connections to history whenever possible Seeing history as the story of people and their voice rather than dry and disconnected events TIER 2
Analyzing Causation and Consequence
O O O Studying the differences between single-causation and multi causation of the events of the past Assessing the degree of causation Impact of the consequences of events and decisions of the past, including those that were intended and unintended TIER 2
Analyzing Change throughout the Past
O O O Determination of different types of change that took place in the past, including political, economic, and social Analysis of the impact of the different types of change at the time Examine the impact of change across periods of time TIER 2
Tier 3: Using What Has Been Learned
TIER 3: “THE ATTIC” CONTEXT AND INTERPRETATION TIER 2: MAIN FLOOR ANALOGY AND EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL MATERIAL TIER 1: “THE BASEMENT” BUILDING A FOUNDATION OF THE PAST
Utilizing Historiographical Approaches
O O O Examining the differing interpretations of historical events that have been developed in the past Compare and contrast the differing interpretations of historical events Evaluating the accuracy of current and previous schools of historical interpretation to develop a personal philosophy of the past TIER 3
Using Counterfactual Arguments
O O Utilizing counterfactual arguments to deepen student understanding of specific episodes of history Developing carefully constructed series of “what if?” questions to guide students through alternate historical outcomes TIER 3
Understanding History through Common Themes and Ideas
O O Establishment of the essential themes of history and determination of their presence
1) Foundations of Freedom 2) 3) 4) 5) Creation of an American Culture Conflict and Compromise Political and Social Movements America on the World Stage
Analysis of the essential themes in different periods of history and across history TIER 3
Common Core demands that students spend as much time in ‘the attic’ as possible
TIER 3: “THE ATTIC” CONTEXT AND INTERPRETATION TIER 2: MAIN FLOOR ANALOGY AND EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL MATERIAL TIER 1: “THE BASEMENT” BUILDING A FOUNDATION OF THE PAST
Reading Like an Historian
Developing the ability to understand written information
Part 3
What Does it Mean to Read Like an Historian?
O “True historians comprehend a subtext on the literal, inferred and critical levels. These subtexts include what the writer is saying literally but also any possible biases and unconscious assumptions the writer had about the world. Historians try to reconstruct authors’ purposes, intentions, and goals, as well as understand authors’ assumptions, world view and beliefs”.
Sam Wineburg
What are the keys to reading history?
O Effective readers of history have a variety of comprehension strategies that they bring to reading a text. These strategies can be grouped in three categories: O Before reading or activation of background or prior knowledge O During reading or active engagement with the content O Continuous or meta-cognition (thinking about thinking) O Effective readers of history are in charge of the process, monitoring how they read and adjusting to ensure success.
What differentiates Expert readers from Novice readers of history?
O The Expert Reader: O O O O Seeks to
discover context
and
know content
Sees any text as a
construction
of a vision of the world Sees texts
events as made by persons with a view of
Considers
textbooks less trustworthy
than other kinds of documents O The Novice Reader: O Seeks only to
content know
O O O Sees text as a
description
of the world Sees texts
happened as accounts of what really
Considers
very trustworthy
sources
textbooks
O O O O O
Expert
Compares
texts to judge different accounts of the same event or topic Assumes
bias
in texts Gets
interested in contradictions and ambiguities
Checks
sources
documents of Acknowledges
uncertainty and complexity
O O O O O
Novice
Learns the “right answer”
Assumes
neutrality, objectivity
in texts
Resolves or ignores contradictions and ambiguities
Reads the
documents
only Communicates
“the truth”
, sounding as certain as possible
Again . . .
Expert
O O O O Asks what the text
does
(purpose) Understands the
subtexts
of the writer’s language Considers
word choice
(connotation and denotation) and
tone
Reads slowly,
two readers, simulating a social exchange between
“actual” and ‘mock”
Novice
O O O O Asks what the text
says
(facts) Understands the
literal meaning
of the writer’s language
Ignores word choice
and
tone
Reads to
gather lots of information
What factors affect the readability of history texts?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Lack of prior knowledge Unfamiliar text structure or schema Difficulty identifying important material from less important material Academic vocabulary and abstract concepts (“isms”) Level of analysis and synthesis Role of visuals, such as maps, graphs and charts, as sources of information
Common Core Learning Framework Level of Examination: Interpretation and Contextualization 1. Prior knowledge: O supports students in making connections to the text or the content.
O creates a foundation for new facts, ideas and concepts.
O activates student interest and curiosity, and creates a purpose for learning .
Common Core Learning Framework Level of Examination: Analysis of Craft and Structure 2. Text Structure or Schema: Narrative and expository text differ in their organizational pattern, language and purpose O O Narrative Text Typically follows one structure or story.
Includes such elements as theme, plot, conflict, resolution, characters and setting .
O O Expository text Explains something and reflects a variety of structures or organizational patterns; Includes definition, cause-effect, sequence, categorization, comparison/contrast, enumeration, process, problem-solution, and description.
Common Core Learning Framework Level of Examination: Analysis, Determining the Main Idea 3. Differentiating Information O Effective readers discern which concepts to focus on and which information to retain. They interact with the text and internalize information.
O Note-taking provides a structure for recording and reorganizing information and ideas.
O The structure supports retention and recall by making information accessible and providing cues to trigger memory.
Note-Taking
O Note-taking supports students in: O determining which information is important.
O making connections between main ideas and details even when the author has not made the connections explicit.
O extending and transferring knowledge after reading which results in deeper construction of meaning .
Common Core Learning Framework Level of Examination: Analysis, Identifying and Determining the Key Terms 4. Academic Vocabulary O O O is the vocabulary critical to understanding concepts in history.
is an essential component of building prior or background knowledge.
The more terms a student knows about a given topic, the easier it is to understand and learn new information.
Social Studies Vocabulary
O There are 4 categories of vocabulary in history: O Terms associated with instructional or directional tools (“north”, “below”).
O O O Concrete terms (“Stamp Act”) Functional terms (“sequencing”) Conceptual terms (“democracy”, “taxation”)
Common Core Learning Framework Level of Examination: Compare and Contrast Analysis of Multiple Sources and Perspectives 5. Level of Analysis and Synthesis O Historians don’t settle for one perspective on an historical issue; they piece together many, sometimes competing, versions of events to construct an accurate interpretation.
O Multiple perspectives are usual and have to be tested against evidence, and accounted for in judgments and conclusions.
Historical Thinking and Writing
O The writing of history is based on a critical analysis, evaluation, and selection of authentic source materials and composition of these materials into a narrative subject to scholarly methods of criticism.
O The result is a body of historical literature on any event or individual in history that reflects the process of historical thinking.
Common Core Learning Framework Level of Examination: Compare and Contrast Comparing Ideas Within and Across Texts 6. Analyzing Visuals O Visual literacy is the ability to interpret information presented in the form of an image.
O Visual literacy is based on the idea that pictures can be “read”.
O Students view an image and construct an interpretation.
Analyzing Visuals-cont’d O Level 1 is basic identification of the subject or elements in a graphic, photograph, or work of art.
O Level 2 is understanding what we see and comprehending visual relationships.
O Level 3 is placing the image in the broader context of the historical period.
O Level 4 is the synthesis: “What narrative does it tell?”
O O O
What is the Role of Questioning?
Expert readers of history ask questions when they read.
Questioning improves comprehension in four ways: O by fostering interaction with the text O O by creating motivation to read by clarifying information in the text O by inferring beyond the literal meaning Questioning the text helps students assume responsibility for their learning.
What are the strategies for reading like an historian?
O The skills for reading like an historian form one of the pillars of the Common Core Learning Framework.
O These skills support student in becoming expert readers of history.
O What strategies can history teachers use to help their students make meaning of history texts?