Transcript Basel Convention - -- UNEP - Division of Technology

ACME
Applying CLEANER PRODUCTION to MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS
Introduction to
Basel Convention
SESSION 7
United Nations Environment Program
Division of Technology Industry and Economy
Swedish International Development Agency
OUTLINE
Objectives of this session
1/ Introduction
> What global problem was BC originally designed to address?
2/ Basel Convention
> What are the objectives of BC and how is it organised?
3/ Waste types covered by Basel Convention
> What is the classification of those wastes?
4/ Implementation
> How is it implemented at global and national level?
5/ Affiliated instruments
> What are the 3 affiliated instruments?
6/ CP and Basel Convention
> What are the link between CP and Basel Convention?
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INTRODUCTION
A critical problema
“Thousands flee Cambodia dump scare”
Thousands of people living in the
southern province of Sihanoukville have
been fleeing the area amid growing
alarm at the possible health risks from
3,000 tons of suspected toxic waste from
Taiwan.
BBC News, December 22th, 1998
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INTRODUCTION
Historical background
In the late 1980s, a tightening of environmental
regulations in industrialized countries led to a
dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous waste disposal.
Searching for cheaper ways to get rid of the wastes,
“toxic traders” began shipping hazardous waste to
Developing Countries and to Eastern Europe.
When this activity was revealed, international outrage led
to the drafting and adoption of the Basel Convention.
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INTRODUCTION
What makes a waste hazardous?
4 main characteristics of hazardous wastes
IGNITABILITY
CORROSIVITY
REACTIVITY
TOXICITY
Different shapes and forms
> liquids, solids, contained gases, sludge, etc.
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INTRODUCTION
Wastes generated worldwide in 2000
2% exported
300 millions
tones of wastes
generated
90% classified as
hazardous
Note:
The principal waste exported by volume was lead and
lead compounds bound for recycling.
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BASEL CONVENTION
Overview of the Basel Convention
A global legal instrument on “the control of transboundary
movements of hazardous wastes and on their disposal”.
Adopted in 1989, entered into force in 1992.
Status of participation (2006): 168 Parties.
Affiliated instruments:
> Basel Ban (1995)
> Liability Protocol (1995)
> Environmentally Sound Management (1999)
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BASEL CONVENTION
168 Parties to the Basel Convention
Parties *
Non-parties
* Afghanistan, Haiti and the United States have signed the
Convention but have not yet ratified it.
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BASEL CONVENTION
Overall goal and objectives
What is the overall goal ?
“To protect, by strict control, human health and the
environment against the adverse effects which may
result from the generation and management of
hazardous wastes and other wastes. ”
What are the further objectives ?
1/ To reduce transboundary movements of hazardous
waste to a minimum consistent with their environmentally
sound management;
2/ To dispose hazardous wastes as close as possible to
their source of generation;
3/ To minimize the generation of hazardous waste in terms
of quantity and hazardousness.
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WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
Classification by characteristics
4 main characteristics of hazardous wastes:
> Toxic
> Reactive
> Corrosive
> Ignitable
Basel Convention gives 13 characteristics:
> Listed in Annex III;
> Based on ADR rules (UN Committee on the Transport of
Dangerous Goods by Road or Rail);
> Represented as codes H1-H13.
Excluded from the scope of the Convention are:
> Radioactive waste
> Waste derived from normal operation of a ship
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WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
1- Toxicity
DEFINITION
Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal
when ingested, inhaled or absorbed
through the skin.
EXAMPLES
> Spent cyanide solutions
> Waste pesticides
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WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
2- Corrosivity
DEFINITION
Acids or alkalis that are capable of
dissolving human flesh and corroding
metal such as storage tanks and
drums.
EXAMPLES
> Acids from metals cleaning
processes e.g. ferric chloride from
printed circuit board manufacture;
> Liquor from steel manufacture.
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WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
3- Ignitability
DEFINITION
Wastes that can cause fires under
certain conditions or are
spontaneously combustible.
EXAMPLES
> Waste oil
> Used solvents
> Organic cleaning materials
> Paint waste
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WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
4- Reactivity
DEFINITION
Reactive wastes are unstable under
‘normal conditions’. They can cause:
explosions, toxic fumes, gases or
vapours.
EXAMPLES
> Peroxide solutions
> Hypochlorite solutions or solids
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WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
5- Eco-toxicity
DEFINITION
Eco-toxic waste is harmful or fatal to
other species or to the ecological
integrity of their habitats.
EXAMPLES
> Heavy metals
> Detergents
> Oils
> Soluble salts
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WASTE COVERED BY BASEL
Waste classification by origin
The Basel Convention’s list of hazardous waste
categories (Y1 to Y18) identifies wastes from specific
processes (Annex 1).
Some example:
Y1 - Clinical wastes
:
Y6 - Wastes from the production and use of organic solvents
:
Y18 - Residues from industrial waste disposal operations
Note: Besides the official, international binding, definition of the
Convention, countries themselves can adopt wider and stricter
definitions.
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IMPLEMENTATION
Milestones
1989 / 1999 - First decade achievements
> Framework for controlling transboundary movements of hazardous wastes;
> Control system (based on prior written notification);
> Developed criteria for “Environmentally Sound Management” (ESM).
2000 / 2010 - Second decade priorities
> Partnerships to increase co-operation and strategic alliances;
> Environmentally sound management and active promotion and use of cleaner
technologies and production methods;
> Further reduction of the movement of hazardous and other wastes;
> Prevention and monitoring of illegal traffic;
> Improvement of institutional and technical capabilities especially for
developing and EIT countries;
> Further development of regional and sub-regional centres for training and
technology transfer.
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IMPLEMENTATION
Global level
Conference of the Parties (COP)
> Develops and keep under review the implementation of the
Basel Convention
Basel Secretariat
> Co-operates with national authority in:
- Developing national legislation
- Setting up inventories of hazardous wastes
- Strengthening national institutions
- Assessing the HW management situation
- Preparing HW management plans
- Preparing policy tools
> Assist countries with technical and legal advice
> Support Basel Convention Regional Centers
3
Working groups & The Committee on Partnership with industry
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IMPLEMENTATION
National level
National Focal Point
> Entity of a Party to the Basel Convention for receiving
and transmitting information as required by the Convention
to and from the COP.
National Competent Authority
> One governmental authority designated by a Party,
responsible for receiving the notifications of transboundary
movements of waste.
Basel Convention Regional Centers (BCRCs)
> Assist developing countries and countries in transition
through capacity-building for environmentally sound
management, to achieve the fulfilment of the objectives of
the Convention.
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IMPLEMENTATION
Basel Convention Regional Centers
14 BCRCs worldwide
Regional Centers for Training and Technology Transfers
Africa and West Asia
1/ BCRC for the Arab States in Egypt
2/ BCRC in Nigeria
3/ BCRC in Senegal
4/ BCRC in South Africa
Asia and Pacific Region
5/ BCRC in China
6/ BCRC in Indonesia
7/ BCRC in the South Pacific region
8/ BCRC in Tehran
Central and Eastern Europe
9/ BCRC in the Russian Federation
10/ BCRC in Slovakia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Core functions
1/ Training 2/ Technology transfer 3/ Information;
4/ Consulting 5/ Awareness-raising.
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11/ BCRC in Argentina
12/ BCRC in El Salvador
13/ BCRC in Trinidad and Tobago
14/ BCRC for Latin America and Caribbean
region in Uruguay
AFFILIATED INSTRUMENTS
Basel Ban (1)
DEFINITION
Amendment on the control of transboundary movements of
hazardous wastes and their disposal.
OBJECTIVES
Ban exports of hazardous wastes for final disposal, recovery, or
recycling from states listed in Annex VII (mainly OECD countries) to
states not listed in Annex VII (mainly non-OECD countries).
RATIFICATION STATUS
> Not into force yet; 75% (=62) ratification needed to enter into force:
present status 61.
> Main argument for disagreement from opposing countries (such as
Australia, USA, Canada): GATT-inconsistent and trade-disruptive).
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AFFILIATED INSTRUMENTS
Basel Ban (2)
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AFFILIATED INSTRUMENTS
Liability Protocol
DEFINITION
Basel Protocol on liability and compensation for damage resulting
from transboundary movements of hazardous waste and their
disposal.
OBJECTIVES
Provide for a comprehensive regime for liability as well as adequate
and prompt compensation for damage resulting from the
transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and other wastes,
including incidents occurring because of illegal traffic.
RATIFICATION STATUS
> 20 ratifications needed to enter into force.
> Not into force yet (13 signatories)
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AFFILIATED INSTRUMENTS
Environmentally Sound Management
Basel Ministerial Declaration on ESM of hazardous wastes
“Take all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous waste or other
waste is managed in a manner which will protect human health and
the environment against the adverse effects which may result from
such waste” (art. 2)
Key principles
> Special attention to prevention and
minimisation of hazardous and other
wastes (= CP mandate)
> Requires capacity building, policy
reforms and promotion and use of cleaner
technologies and production methods.
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CP & BASEL CONVENTION
About industrials
Why is there an interest for industry ?
> Industry main producer of hazardous waste.
> Directly confronted with legislation and regulations
(storage, transport, disposal).
> Co-responsibility for waste minimisation.
> Can be win-win, e.g. not only cutting costs for removal
but also preventing up-stream costs.
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CP & BASEL CONVENTION
Common industrial sources
Flammable - solvents
From chemical manufacturers, laundries & dry cleaners, metal
plating, tanneries, print shops etc.
Corrosive - acids and alkalis
From cleaning & maintenance, equipment repair, vehicle body
shops etc.
Reactive - bleaches and oxidizers
From chemical manufacturers, laboratories etc.
Toxic and eco-toxic - heavy metals, pesticides, cyanides
From metals manufacturing, photographic processing, pesticide
end users etc.
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CP & BASEL CONVENTION
Waste generating industries
Large quantity generators
> 1000kg /month
e.g. pharmaceutical companies
Medium quantity generators
100 - 1000kg/month
e.g. laboratories, printers
Small quantity generators
<100kg/month
e.g. dental surgeries,
photographic processors
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CP & BASEL CONVENTION
Small and Medium scale Enterprises
In developing economies, these often predominate
> Typically SME have:
- low level of technology
- unskilled management
- unspecialised workers
- lack of modernisation
- poor environmental performance
> SME may account for one third of the total hazardous wastes generated;
> There are high risks from occupational and environmental exposure.
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CP & BASEL CONVENTION
12 key sectors (SE Asia 1990)
1. Tanneries
2. Textile dyeing plants
3. Dyestuff producers
4. Metal working and electroplating shops
5. Foundries
6. Automobile service shops and gas stations
7. Lead-acid battery manufacturing/recycling
8. Chemical industries/laboratories
9. Paint shops
10. Printers
11. Photographic processors
12. Dry cleaners
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CP & BASEL CONVENTION
The CP linkage
What is the role of Cleaner Production practitioners?
> Use the CP methodology to identify opportunities in industry to
reduce their generation of hazardous waste;
> Use the Basel Convention requirements as an additional driving
force for industry and government to more actively use the CP tools
and methodologies;
> Create links between the Convention and private sector;
> Build CP capacity in the Basel Convention Regional Centers so as
to in the centers to promote CP< and to create synergies between
CP practitioners and BCRC.
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CP & BASEL CONVENTION
Capacity Building and ESM
What Cleaner Production practitioners can do?
> Promote existing relevant Cleaner Production guidelines and
manuals for tackling priority waste streams;
> Develop new materials tailored to the needs of the Convention;
> Offer knowledge of the information sources on ESM for the
relevant waste streams;
> Conduct demonstration projects for ESM in your countries in the
priority waste generating sectors;
> Conduct training on ESM tailored to local conditions;
> Provide technical assistance services;
> Provide policy advice and lobby for Cleaner Production policies
and legislation in your country.
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CP & BASEL CONVENTION
Synthesis
Strengthen link between the private
sector and the Convention
Cleaner
Production
Activities
Include Basel implementation
actors in CP partnerships
Joint training on environmentally
sound management
Join forces in implementation
projects
Cooperation in national reporting
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Basel
Convention
CONCLUSION
End of session 7
Thank you for your attention…
Any questions?
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