Transcript Colonization of Africa

Colonization of Africa
19th Century
Colonialism
• Colonialism is forced control of one nation by another
nation.
• Beginning in the early 19th Century, Europeans
aggressively tried to establish colonies in Africa.
• Colony is when a nation establishes a government
under its rule in a foreign territory.
• Imperialism is empire building. Expansion occurs when
one state is more powerful than are the obstacles to
expansion. European civilization experienced a period
of unprecedented rapid expansion around the globe
during the last third of the nineteenth century.
Reasons for Colonialism
• Despite Europeans involvement in the Slave
Trade Europeans usually relied on Africans to
trade slaves instead of colonizing the
continent.
• By the 1880s every major nation in the world
had abolished the institution of slavery.
• Europeans found a new interest in Africa.
• Africa is a continent of vast wealth.
Positive European
Reasons for Colonialism
1. Colonies provided Europe with strategic military
and economic advantages.
2. Europe received minerals and other natural
resources (diamonds, gold, cotton, ivory, and
other natural resources) which fed the Industrial
Revolution
3. Europeans had access to cheap labor
4. Open up new trading markets for European
goods.
5. Spread Christianity throughout the continent.
Negative
• European powers had to fight against
rebellions.
• Colonial rule in many places, especially the
Congo, was morally nauseating (sickening).
European Powers involved in
Colonization
• Belgium
a) King Leopold II claimed much of the African
Congo.
b) African Congo became best known for their
rubber plantations and ivory.
• East Africa
Berlin Conference (1884)
• Berlin Conference in 1884 led by Otto Von
Bismarck, German Chancellor
• Series of Meetings in Berlin, Germany, held by
European nations, Africa’s rulers not in
attendance.
• Met to discuss how to divide Africa’s land.
• 10% of the Europeans already controlled.
• By the end of Colonialism most of Africa was
under its control.
What type of Political boundaries existed before
the Berlin Conference in 1885?
Political Boundaries after Berlin
Conference.
South Africa
• Mid-1600s, the Dutch established a small colony
at the Cape of Good Hope (southernmost tip of
Africa).
• to serve as a trading post for ships on their way
to Asia.
• The Cape grew into a large colony, Dutch
government began awarding Dutch settlers
territories occupied by the native Africans.
• In 1795 the Dutch Monarch invited Great Britain
to take over South Africa.
South Africa
• Exacerbated tensions between British colonists and
Afrikaners (white colonists of Dutch descent).
• The British and Afrikaners, however, oppressed the
black Africans.
• Gold and Diamonds discovered in South Africa, led to
violent conflicts between both groups.
• From 1899 – 1902 they fought one another in the Boer
War.
• Both groups used black Africans.
• Many blacks and Afrikaners died in British
concentration camps and suffered due to Britain's
scorched earth warfare.
Boer War
• Scorched earth tactics caused devastation and
starvation among much of the black
population as well.
• Britain's brutal tactics still remain a source of
resentment between Afrikaners and Englishspeaking whites in South Africa.
Boer War
The British implementing the scorched earth policy - Boer war
The British found themselves at a disadvantage, due to the size of the territory, lack of familiarity with the
terrain and the mobility and skills of the "Boers". In an effort to bring the war to an end, the British responded
with a scorched-earth policy. This included burning down the farms and homes of the "Boers", and putting
their women and children in concentration camps. Some 26,000 "Boer" women and children and 14,000 black
and colored people were to die in appalling conditions.
Impact of Colonial Period/
Partitioning of Africa
Negative Impacts
• African tribes lost control of their own countries.
• Land was confiscated for farms for the European
colonies.
• Wars, revolts, and protests were common.
• Starvation and disease became widespread.
• Africans often forced into labor.
• “NEW BORDERS” were drawn that separated
families and tribes.
• Conflicts broke out between tribes that were
once friendly.
Impact of Colonialism
Positive Effects
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Schools and hospitals built.
Economy was improved by new governments.
Roads and railroads were built.
Health was improved (Health systems, etc…)
Berlin Conference set a specific date for the
end of the slave trade.
• New technology elevated the standard of
living.
Nationalist Movements
• Nationalism strong pride in one’s country; desire
for self-government.
• Nationalist movements are movements that seek
independence for the people living in the
country.
• By the 20th Century, European countries had
colonized almost all of Africa. Only independent
countries were Liberia and Ethiopia.
• African’s want to control their own countries and
natural resources, thus giving birth to “Nationalist
Movement”
Nationalist Movements
Nigeria
• Is home to many different ethnic groups. After the Berlin
Conference Great Britain was given control of Nigeria.
• The British separated Nigeria into TWO colonies.
• Many ethnic groups were opposed to being part of the same
country .
• These divisions between ethnic groups led to different
treatment by Brits.
• By the 1940s, Nigerians started many groups to fight British
rule.
• Many Nigerians admired the British because of their education
in England.
• However, most believed that the only way for Nigerians to
have rights was to be free of European rule.
Nigeria
(This slide is not on your notes, copy what is in red…)
• These groups pushing for independence
became political parties that worked for
Nigerian independence.
• By late 1940s and 50s, the British let Nigerians
elect their own government.
• They elected Abubkar Tafawa Balewa as their
Prime Minister in 1957.
• On October 1, 1960 Nigeria was granted its
independence.
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Kenya Nationalist Movement
• Many Kenyans throughout British rule believed that
their land was taken unfairly.
• In opposition to British rule they organized a group
known as the Mau Mau (1952-1960).
• Mau Mau a secret organization that believed the only
way to win Kenyan rights and independence was
through the use of force.
• In 1954 the British mostly defeated the Mau Mau,
however violence between the two groups continued
until 1960.
• Thousands of people were killed during fighting, only
about 100 were European.
Kenya
• Eventually, overwhelming Kenyan support for
the Mau Mau led the British to grant Kenya its
independence.
• In 1963 the British helped Kenyans hold
democratic elections, they elected Jomo
Kenyatta president.
• Kenya was once again free from foreign rule.
Jomo Kenyatta
South Africa
• South Africa’s path to independence.
• In 1948, Afrikaners defeated English-speaking
whites to win control of South Africa’s
government.
• Afrikaners established “Apartheid” is an Afrikaans
word meaning “separateness” an official policy of
racial discrimination.
• Apartheid stripped black Africans of the few
rights they enjoyed and required segregation.
• Separation was based on race.
Homelands
• Established “homelands” for blacks; Homelands
were poor, crowded areas far away from the
cities.
• Homelands often did not have running water and
electricity.
• Black South Africans could only leave their
homeland if they were going to work for a white
person.
• Blacks forced to carry passes at all times or else
could result in imprisonment.
African National Congress (ANC)
• Founded in 1912, goal was to unite people of
all races to fight for rights and freedoms.
• Nelson Mandela in 1944 founded the ANC
Youth League.
• Purpose was to raise up a new generation to
fight against racism and apartheid.
• Nelson Mandela became the leader of the
ANC in 1961. Mandela was an anti-apartheid
activist.
F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela
• Mandela, leader of the ANC was arrested on
August 5, 1962. He was imprisoned for 27
years until he was granted his release in 1990
by F. W. de Klerk.