Transcript Mesoamerican Civilizations

Mesoamerican (PreColumbian)
Civilizations
Mr. Cummings
World History
Early Human Migrations
Pre-Columbian Myths
• Myth: Pre-Columbian cultures were brought
over by slave ships.
• False: On the eve of Columbus’ landing, more
than 5 million people living in North America
alone.
• Myth: Pre-Columbian culture was savage and
unrefined as compared to Europe.
• False: PC culture featured thriving economies,
deep religious traditions, and stunning
achievements in math and science.
Olmec 1300 B.C.E.The first civilization of Mesoamerica
They were located in the hot and swampy lowlands
along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south of
Veracruz.
They had large cities that were centers for religious
rituals.
They carved colossal stone heads
They may have been to represent
their ancestors or gods.
Teotihuacán
Was the first major city in Mesoamerica
Arose around 250 B.C. and collapsed about 800 A.D.
May have had as many as 200,000 inhabitants at its height.
Has a main thoroughfare, known as the Avenue of the Dead, had
two main temples.
The Temple of the Sun and the Temple of the Moon.
Mayan civilization
• Located in the Mexican and Central American
rain forest
• Represented by Chichén Itzá
• Group of city-states ruled by a king
• Economy based on agriculture and trade
• Polytheistic religion—Pyramids
Yucatán Peninsula
-Maya were found in the Yucatan Peninsula and Part of
Guatemala – villages included Guatemala and Belize.
Maya: Between 250 and 900 CE
-Flourished during this time. We do not know why it fell into
decline – disease, warfare? The Maya abandoned their
cities, again we do not know why.
Political and Social Structure
Cities-Were built around a central pyramid
Pyramid-Was topped with a shrine to the gods.
Tikal, Guatemala
Mayan Kings
-Ruled the Mayan Kingdom
They claimed they were divine
Were assisted by nobles and a class of scribes
Made special blood sacrifices to maintain the
kingdom.
People
-Included townspeople, skilled artisans, officials, and
merchants.
Many people were peasant farmers who worked on
terraced hillsides farming.
Men did the fighting and hunting, women made
cornmeal and were responsible for homemaking and
Religion
The Maya were Polytheistic and worshipped more than 160
gods & goddesses.
They believed that all of life was in the hands of a divine
power.
They were responsible for pleasing the gods., especially
ItzamNa their main god
Their gods were ranked in order of importance, the Jaguar
was the god of night and was seen as evil.
The Maya practiced human sacrifice to appease their gods.
Human sacrifice was also used to mark special occasions.
When a king ascended to the throne war captives were
tortured and beheaded to mark the occasion.
Accomplishments
Language
The Maya developed an independent
Hieroglyphic language called GLYPHS. They
created a book called a Codex, complete with
ancient Maya stories (Popol Vuh).
The Spanish destroyed most of the Mayan
writings. They were not seen as having any
value. Their language was not translated until
the 20th century.
Calendar & Number System
The Maya developed an accurate calendar based
on their many advancements in astronomy.
The calendar two different parts.
It had a solar calendar with 365 days, divided into
18 months with 20 days each with 5 extra days at
the end.
A Lunar calendar and a Calendar based on the
movement of the Planet Venus. This was a sacred
calendar with 260 days and 13 weeks of 20 days
each.
The Mayan calendar says our present world was
created in 3114 B.C. and the current world will
end on December 23 2012 A.D.
Developed mathematical system based on the
number 20 – first to use the number 0.
Society
The Maya lived a life of comfort and splendor.
Their homes were decorated with murals.
They were only allowed to drink chocolate.
Pacal II
Ruled for nearly 70 years.
Became king by claiming he was the son of a
goddess.
Ensured the survival of Palenque's most notable
surviving inscriptions and monumental
architecture.
Society based on four broad social classes:
Ruling
Class
Nobility
Peasants/Warriors
Farmers/slaves
Aztec civilization
• Located in arid valley in central Mexico
• Represented by Tenochtitlan
• Ruled by an emperor
• Economy based on agriculture and tribute from
conquered peoples
• Polytheistic religion with pyramids/rituals
The Aztec began c. 13th century CE
Began a long migration that brought them into the Valley of
Mexico.
They established their capital city at Tenochtitlán.
Tenochtitlán (1325)
An Aztec legend said that when the people found their new
home they would see an eagle perched on a cactus holding a
snake. They saw this in lake Texcoco.
Their city was built up on rafts made from reeds and covered
with dirt. They were called chinampas. Present-Day MexicoCity is built on top of this city. The original was destroyed by
the Spanish.
Political and Social Structure
By 1500 there were about 6-12 million people in the Aztec
Empire.
Aztec Emperor
Ruled over the Aztec Empire.
Was the supreme leader of the people.
He claimed that he was divine.
People
Made up of commoners, indentured workers, and slaves.
Most people were farmers, but they also traded with people in
the surrounding areas.
Men were to be the warriors, while a woman’s role was to be in
the home. Women were allowed to own and inherit property
and enter contracts. Women wove textiles and raised children.
They could also be priestesses.
Cultural Aspects
Produced many works of art and
architecture.
-Beautiful feather headdresses
-Stone sculptures
-Jewelry
-Advances in Astronomy
-Two calendars created: farming and
religion
Ruling
-Accepted forms of tribute including
Nobles
corn, gold, and jade.
-Grew corn, squash, and chili Intermediate
Class
peppers.
The commoners
Religion
Had a polytheistic religion (about 1,000 gods) based on
warfare.
Huitzilopochtli
Their chief god. He was the god of the sun. The Aztec
offered him human sacrifice to give him strength to battle the
forces of darkness each night so that he could rise each
morning.
Quetzalcoatl
The feathered Serpent
He believed he had left the valley of
Mexico and promised to return in triumph.
Human Sacrifice
Each Aztec city contained a pyramid where they
practiced human sacrifice as a way to postpone
Aztec Writing
Aztec Math
Destruction of the Aztec
The subjugation of the people of the Aztec
Empire bred hatred and discontent among the
people (Montezuma II). When the Spanish arrived they did
not have a difficult time finding allies to fight
the Aztec.
Hernán Cortés 1519
Spanish Conquistador who came to the valley of Mexico in
1519 with 550 soldiers and 16 horses. He was at first greeted
by the Aztec Emperor Montezuma (Moctezuma). The Spanish
later kidnapped the Emperor and made him a puppet. The
people rebelled and the Emperor was killed. The Spanish
barely escaped.
The Spanish returned several months later. Many of the
natives had fallen ill with Smallpox. Cortés and his allies
destroyed the Aztec capital and subjugated the Aztec people.
Incan civilization
• Located in the Andes Mountains of South
America
• Represented by Machu Picchu
• Ruled by an emperor
• Economy based on high-altitude agriculture
• Polytheistic religion
• Road system
Late 1300's Inca
The Inca started as a small group that were located in Cuzco.
They did not begin to become powerful until after the fall of
the Moche of Peru. By then, they had an army of well over
200,000.
Pachacuti - Unified the Inca and established the Inca
Empire.
Because so much of their land was on steep mountains, they
Organization of the Empire
Incan state was built on war.
The conquered peoples were all taught the
same language.
Each region was appointed a governor who
answered to the Emperor.
Road System: 24, 800 miles of Road
The Inca built roads to unify their people.
Roads made travel and communication
throughout the empire more efficient.
There were rest houses and storage depots
along with bridges to span ravines and
waterways.
Empire reached its height in 1400s CE. By
Culture
Were required to marry from within their own social group.
Women were expected to live at home, the only alternative was to be a priestess.
Most people were farmers, they also herded llamas and alpacas.
Quipu-A system of knotted strings used by the Inca to keep records.
Believed their emperor to be divine – the most powerful of their gods was Inti.
No system of writing.
Culture
Two main groups.
Did not make prisoners of war become slaves.
In general, the people stayed in the class they were born.
Commoners did all the work for the empire.
Machu Picchu was a famous settlement, but only featured about 1,000 people
Ruling
Nobles
Commoners
Great Builders
They had great buildings made of stone held
without mortar. Their roads also show their
ability as great builders.
Machu Picchu
City built at 8,000 ft above sea level.
Urubamba River
River below Machu Picchu
Defeat
The Spanish arrived in 1531
1531: Francisco Pizarro
Spanish Conquistador led a band of 180 men with
superior weapons.
The Inca, like the Aztec, were devastated by disease.
Smallpox
Devastated the Population
Civil War
After the death of the Inca Emperor a civil war broke out, Pizarro
took advantage and defeated the people.
Defeat
Pizarro and his men established Lima as the new capital of the
Spanish Colony in 1535.
Achievements of Mayan, Aztec, and
Incan civilizations
• Calendars
• Mathematics
• Writing and other record-keeping
systems