Transcript Peace and Security through DISARMAMENT

Peace and Security through
DISARMAMENT
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“Let us at least make sure that the next
generation understands, better than
ours has done, or at least mine has
done, that human security is as much
governance, human rights, and social
justice, as it is about arsenals.”
Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary-General
November 2000
THE NUCLEAR
THREAT
continues today…
THE MILLENIUM SUMMIT
of the General Assembly resolved “to strive for the elimination of
weapons of mass destruction, particularly nuclear weapons…”
HIROSHIMA,
1945
“The need for a more humancentred approach to security is
reinforced by the continuing
dangers that weapons of mass
destruction, most notably
nuclear weapons, pose to
humanity.”
Kofi Annan,
UN Secretary-General
Banning
NUCLEAR TEST
EXPLOSIONS
Forever
OVER 2000 NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS
worldwide were registered in the 51 years between
the first nuclear explosive test on 16 July 1945 and
the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear-TestBan Treaty on 24 September 1996.
Banning and Destroying
CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL
WEAPONS
“Whereas the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous
or other gases… has been justly condemned by the
general opinion of the civilized world.”
From the preamble of the 1925 Geneva
Protocol banning the use in war of chemical
and bacteriological methods of warfare
CONVENTION
AL WEAPONS
Fighting Today’s Wars
OVERSUPPLIES OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
• Make war more likely and more deadly • Encourage
violence • Prolong conflicts • Hamper humanitarian aid
• Threaten peace agreements • Endanger peacekeepers
• Destabilize Governments • Hinder economic development
The Heavy Toll of
SMALL ARMS
In recent conflicts around the world, small arms
and light weapons have been the cause of four out
of five casualties. The vast majority of victims have
been non-combattants. Most are women and
children.
Modern arms are light, easy
to carry and hide, require
little maintenance and little or
no training. They can make
every farmer, every office
worker, even every school
child, a potential soldier.
LANDMINES
Don’t Walk Here
Today, 80% of landmine victims are civilians,
killed or injured after wars and conflicts have
ended. One third of the nations of the earth are
affected by mine and unexploded ordinance
(UXO) contamination.
A landmine can
cost as little as US
$3 to manufacture.
Finding and
removing it can
cost as much as US
$1,000.
DISARMAMENT SOLUTIONS
• REDUCING NUCLEAR DANGERS
• INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM
FOR GLOBAL BAN ON NUCLEAR
TESTING
• WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
• DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL
WEAPONS
• FIVE PILLARS OF THE UN MINE ACTION
REDUCING NUCLEAR DANGERS
At the height of the cold war, more than
70,000 nuclear weapons existed.
Much has been achieved:
–To reduce, dismantle and eliminate nuclear
weapons
–To stop the spread of nuclear weapons
–To monitor material from dismantled nuclear
weapons
–To stop the testing of nuclear weapons
–To create nuclear-weapon-free zones
REDUCING NUCLEAR DANGERS
Much still needs to be done
Torching Nuclear
Arms: Nuclear
missile dismantling,
1998 (US
Department of
Energy
As we start the millennium,
more than 30,000 nuclear
weapons remain. Many are
on high alert and ready to be
launched on warning.
INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM
FOR GLOBAL BAN ON NUCLEAR TESTING
Moratoriums on nuclear test explosions have
been declared by all five nuclear-weapon
States pending entry into force of the
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty….
Seismic monitors help scientists
distinguish between a nuclear
explosion and an earthquake.
INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM
FOR GLOBAL BAN ON NUCLEAR TESTING
Infrasound monitors detect acoustic waves
generated from distant sources, such as
chemical and nuclear explosions.
Hydroacoustic monitors register sound signals
deep in the ocean.
Radionuclide monitors measure air samples
for the presence of radioactive material.
WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical
Weapons (OPCW) was established to achieve the
goals and objectives of the first globally verifiable
multilateral disarmament treaty, the Chemical
Weapons Convention, to completely prohibit the
use, development, production, and stockpiling of
chemical weapons, as well as the destruction of
existing stocks.
WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Through routine inspections,
challenge inspections and
investigations of alleged use, the
OPCW
– Ensures the implementation of
the conventions provisions
Chemical weapons
– Monitors implementation
inspectors. French
troops in Kuwait,
– Provides a forum for
1991
consultation and cooperation
among States Parties.
WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Biological Weapons Convention
To ensure compliance with the provisions of
the Biological Weapons Convention, the
need for global, cooperative compliance and
verification measures has become much
more acute.
WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Biological Weapons Convention
To bolster confidence in the effectiveness of the
Convention, the States parties to the Convention
currently exchange information on:
• Research centres and laboratories;
• National biological defense research and
development programmes;
• Infectious disease outbreaks;
• Relevant legislation;
• Vaccine production
DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL
WEAPONS
“Flame of Peace”; a
ceremonial
destruction of
weapons collected
from rebels,
Timbuktu, Mali
The first UN Conference on the
Illicit Trade in Small Arms and
Light Weapons in All its Aspects
adopted in July 2001 a forwardlooking programme of action that
committed nations, regions and the
international Community
collectively to:
•Help to prevent, combat and
eradicate the illicit trade in small
arms.
DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL
WEAPONS
Actor Michael Douglas
destroying arms in a
UN/UNDP pilot “arms
for development”
project.
Gramsh, Albania.
October 1999.
• Enhance cooperation among
states to end illegal transfers
and sales.
• Reduce the accumulation of
small arms and light weapons
around the world.
• Encourage the collection and
destruction of excess weapons
in exchange for development
incentives.
DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL
WEAPONS
United Nations Register of Conventional Arms
promotes trust and confidence through
transparency.
More than 90 member states report to the United
Nations, other Governments, and to the people
every year regarding their imports and exports of
major weapons systems.
More than 95% of the trade in tanks, armoured
vehicles, combat aircraft, large-caliber artillery,
attack helicopters, warships, missiles and missile
launchers is covered by the register.
FIVE PILLARS OF MINE ACTION
The UN works in close partnership with Governments,
civil society, business and individuals to tackle the
landmine crisis.
MINE AWARENESS: Populations at
risk must be educated and local
authorities trained to deal with
landmine problems.
CLEARING A PATH -- DEMINING:
Finding and disposing of these
devices is time-consuming, difficult
Digging for
and expensive.
landmines,
Cambodia
FIVE PILLARS OF MINE ACTION
VICTIM ASSISTANCE: Rehabilitation
of and care for thousands of maimed,
blinded and crippled victims of
landmine explosions.
ADVOCACY FOR GLOBAL BAN:
Making the ban effective and
Learning about
universal.
landmines,
Mozambique, 1994, STOCKPILE REDUCTION: Keeping to
treaty commitments and building
UN Mine Action
confidence in the Convention
Service
Banning Landmines.
24 January 1946
First Resolution of the General Assembly
seeks ways to eliminate atomic weapons
from national armaments
TIMELINE OF HISTORIC
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS
29 July 1957
International Atomic Energy Agency
established.
1 December 1959
The Antarctic Treaty demilitarizes the
continent, bans the testing of any kind of
weapons and prohibits nuclear explosions
and the disposal of radioactive waste
material.
5 August 1963
Partial Test-Ban Treaty bans nuclear
weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer
space and underwater
5 March 1970
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty commits
nuclear and non-nuclear states to nuclear
non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament and
the peaceful uses of energy
24August
5129
December
March
January
July
1957
1970
1963
1946
1959
Nuclear
First
International
The
Partial
Antarctic
Resolution
Test-Ban
Non-Proliferation
Atomic
Treaty
of
Treaty
the
General
Energy
demilitarizes
bans
Treaty
nuclear
commits
Agency
Assembly
weapons
theestablished.
nuclear
continent,
seeks
tests
ways
bans
in
and
the
non-nuclear
the
to
atmosphere,
eliminate
testing ofstates
atomic
any
in outer
kind
to
weapons
of
space
nuclear
weapons
and
non-proliferation,
from
underwater
andnational
prohibits
armaments
nuclear
explosions andand
disarmament
the
disposal
the
peaceful
of radioactive
uses of energy
waste material.
11 February 1971
The Sea-Bed Treaty bans the emplacement
of nuclear weapons or other weapons of
mass destruction on the ocean floor and its
subsoil
TIMELINE OF HISTORIC
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS
10 April 1972
Biological Weapons Convention bans
bacteriological and biological warfare
26 May 1972
SALT I and ABM Treaty Agreement limit
strategic offensive arms and anti-ballistic
missile systems between the USSR and US
18 June 1979
SALT II further limits strategic offensive
arms between USSR and US
10 April 1981
Convention on Certain Conventional
Weapons bans weapons which explode
fragments that are by X-ray undetectable
within the human body, limits the use of
certain types of mines and booby traps, bans
incendiary weapons designed to set fire to
targets and bans the use of blinding laser
weapons
10 April 1981
11 April
10
26
18
February
Mayon1972
June
1979
1972
1971
Convention
Certain
Conventional Weapons bans
The Sea-Bed
Biological
SALT
I and
II
further
Weapons
ABM
Treaty
limits
Treaty
bans
weapons which explode fragments
the emplacement
Convention
Agreement
strategic
offensive
limit
bansstrategic
ofarms
nuclear
that are by X-ray undetectable
weapons
bacteriological
offensive
between
USSR
or
arms
other
and
and
weapons
antiUS the
within
the human
body,
limits
of
biological
destruction
missile
warfare
on and
the
useballistic
of mass
certain
types
ofsystems
mines
ocean
between
floor
the
and
USSR
its subsoil
and US
booby
traps,
bans
incendiary
weapons designed to set fire to
targets and bans the use of blinding
laser weapons
8 December 1987
INF Treaty eliminates entire category of
intermediate and shorter-range nuclear
weapons of the USSR and US
TIMELINE OF HISTORIC
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS
19 November 1990
CFE Treaty curtails conventional weapons
systems in Europe from the Atlantic Ocean
to the Ural Mountains
31 July 1991
START I Treaty reduces strategic nuclear
weapons to 6,000 for USSR and US
23 May 1992
Lisbon Protocol Belarus, Kazakhstan,
Russian Federation and Ukraine -successor states to USSR -- accede to
START I
3 January 1993
Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits
chemical warfare and provides for
destruction of all stocks
8 January
19
31
323
December
November
July
May
1991
1992
1993
1987
1990
Chemical
INF Treaty
CFE
START
Lisbon
Treaty
Protocol
IWeapons
Treaty
eliminates
curtails
Belarus,
reduces
Convention
prohibits
chemical
entire category
conventional
strategic
Kazakhstan,
nuclear
Russian
weapons
ofweapons
warfare
provides
for US
intermediate
systems
to
Federation
6,000and
in
forEurope
and
USSR
and
Ukraine
shorterand
from
the
-destruction of all stocks
successor
range
Atlantic
nuclear
Ocean
states
weapons
totothe
USSR
Ural
of -the USSR
Mountains
accede
to START
and US I
24 September 1996
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
bans all nuclear test explosions in all
environments for all time
TIMELINE OF HISTORIC
TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS
2-4 December 1997
Mine Ban Convention bans all antipersonnel landmines and provides for their
destruction
24 September
2-4
December 1996
1997
Mine Ban Convention
Comprehensive
Nuclearbans
Test-Ban
all
anti-personnel
Treaty bans all
nuclear testand
landmines
explosions
providesinfor
all environments
their
destruction for all
time
The 1959 Antarctic Treaty
demilitarizes the continent and bans the
testing of nuclear devices and the placement
of radioactive waste.
The 1967 Outer Space Treaty
mandates that nuclear weapons not be
placed or tested in outer space or on the
moon.
The 1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco
prohibits nuclear weapons in Latin America
and the Caribbean
The 1986 Treaty of Rarotonga
declares the South Pacific a nuclear-free
zone
The 1996 Pelindaba Treaty declares
the African continent a nuclear-weapon-free
zone
The 1997 Bangkok Treaty declares
Southeast Asia a nuclear-weapon-free zone
In 1998, the General Assembly recognizes
Mongolia’s declaration of its nuclearweapon-free status.
KEEPING THE WORLD
-- OUTER SPACE -FREE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
The
1967
Outer
Space
In
The
1998,
1959
1986
1996
1997
1967the
Antarctic
Treaty
Pelindaba
Bangkok
Treaty
General
of
of
Treaty
mandates
thatthe
Rarotonga
Assembly
Tlatelolco
demilitarizes
declares
recognizes
prohibits
declares
the
Southeast
nuclear
weapons
not
be of
continent
South
African
Asia
Mongolia’s
nuclear
a Pacific
nuclear-weapon-free
continent
weapons
and
declaration
abans
nuclearin
a the
Latin
placed
or
tested
outer
testing
free
nuclear-weapon-free
zone
its
America
nuclear-weapon-free
zone
of and
nuclear
theindevices
zone
space
orplacement
on the moon.
and
status.
Caribbean
the
of
radioactive
waste.
GLOBAL PRIORITIES
Stabilize Population $ 10.5 BILLION
Provide Safe, Clean Water $ 10 BILLION
Prevent Acid Rain $ 8 BILLION
Prevent Global Warming $ 8 BILLION
Eliminate Nuclear Weapons $ 7 BILLION
Stop Deforestation $ 7 BILLION
Stop Ozone Depletion $ 5 BILLION
Refugee Relief $ 5 BILLION
Eliminate Illiteracy $ 5 BILLION
Build Democracy $ 2 BILLION
Remove Land Mines $ 2 BILLION
GLOBAL PRIORITIES
Annual World
Military Expenditures
$ 800 BILLION
Provide Clean, Safe Energy $ 50 BILLION
Retire Developing Nations’ Debt $ 30 BILLION
Prevent Soil Erosion $ 24 BILLION
Provide Health Care and AIDS Control $ 21 BILLION
Provide Shelter $ 21 BILLION
Eliminate Starvation and Malnutrition $ 19 BILLION
GLOBAL
PRIORITIES
Annual World
Military
Expenditures
$ 800 BILLION
OVERSPENDING
ON WEAPONS
vs people
Provide Clean, Safe Energy $ 50 BILLION
$ 30 BILLION Retire Developing Nations’ Debt
Prevent Soil Erosion $ 24 BILLION
Provide Shelter $ 21 BILLION
Stabilize Population $ 10.5 BILLION
Prevent Acid Rain $ 8 BILLION
Eliminate Nuclear Weapons $ 7 BILLION
Stop Ozone Depletion $ 5 BILLION
Eliminate Illiteracy $ 5 BILLION
Remove Landmines $ 2 BILLION
$ 21 BILLION Provide Health Care and AIDS Control
$ 19 BILLION Eliminate Starvation and Malnutrition
$ 10 BILLION Provide Clean, Safe Water
$ 8 BILLION Prevent Global Warming
$ 7 BILLION Stop Deforestation
$ 5 BILLION Refugee Relief
$ 2 BILLION Build Democracy
Peace and Security through
DISARMAMENT
For more information please visit the
United Nations Disarmament Website
http://disarmament.un.org
enquiries by email: [email protected]