Transcript Document
Physical Activity & Sport Issues Chapter 13 Definitions Modern sport is a reflection of our society – E.g. winning at all costs Sociology is the study of the functioning of human society in various environments (e.g. workplace, church, school) Sport sociology is the study of the functioning of society within the modern sport environment Important Issues in Sport Sociology Specifically we will discuss: – Aggression and Violence in Sport – Cheating in Sport – Gender and Sport – Race and Ethnicity in Sport – Racism in Sport – Other Victims of Discrimination – Sport Trends in the Future Aggression and Violence in Sport Violence in sports parallels the reality of violence in a society as a whole – We see examples of societal violence every time we watch the evening news – Sport news isn’t much better Examples of Violence in Sport Hockey – 2000: Marty McSorley knocks out Donald Brashear by slashing him in the head with his stick Basketball – 1995: Verno Maxwell hits an abusive fan in the stands Baseball – Roger Clements throws the jagged piece of a broken bat at Mike Piazza Examples can be found in almost every sport Can you think of any other examples? Definitions Violence = extreme aggression There are three distinct components of aggressive behaviour: 1. Hostile Aggression 2. Instrumental Aggression 3. Assertive Behaviour Hostile Aggression Instrumental Aggression Hostile Aggression The harm intent is to cause Instrumental Aggression Hostile Aggression Instrumental Aggression The intent is to cause The intent is to cause harm harm Hostile Aggression Instrumental Aggression The intent is to cause The intent is to cause harm harm The goal is to cause suffering Hostile Aggression Instrumental Aggression The intent is to cause The intent is to cause harm harm The goal is to cause The goal is to achieve suffering some external award Hostile Aggression Instrumental Aggression The intent is to cause The intent is to cause harm harm The goal is to cause The goal is to achieve suffering some external award Anger is usually involved Hostile Aggression Instrumental Aggression The intent is to cause The intent is to cause harm harm The goal is to cause The goal is to achieve suffering some external award Anger is usually No anger is involved involved Hostile Aggression Instrumental Aggression The intent is to cause The intent is to cause harm harm The goal is to cause The goal is to achieve suffering some external award Anger is usually No anger is involved involved Performed outside the rules of the game Hostile Aggression Instrumental Aggression The intent is to cause The intent is to cause harm harm The goal is to cause The goal is to achieve suffering some external award Anger is usually No anger is involved involved Performed outside Performed within the the rules of the game rules of the game Hostile Aggression Instrumental Aggression The intent is to cause The intent is to cause harm harm The goal is to cause The goal is to achieve suffering some external award Anger is usually No anger is involved involved Performed outside Performed within the the rules of the game rules of the game e.g. fist-fighting in hockey Hostile Aggression Instrumental Aggression The intent is to cause The intent is to cause harm harm The goal is to cause The goal is to achieve suffering some external award Anger is usually No anger is involved involved Performed outside Performed within the the rules of the game rules of the game e.g. fist-fighting in hockey e.g. aggressive checking meant to hurt the opponent Assertive Behaviour Often confused with aggression Increased effort and energy expenditure No intent to harm No anger involved May result in harm, but any resultant harm is incidental to the game E.g. Assertive checking meant to slow down the opponent What Causes Aggressive Behavior in Sport? The following causes most likely interact to cause aggressive behaviour 4. Physical contact Sports with a lot of physical contact result in more aggression – If player believes that the opponent is trying to hurt him/her there is an increased likelihood that aggression will occur Recommendations: 1. Encouraging athletes to increase effort vs. aggressive acts 2. Victory (vs. harm) = the ultimate way to get back at an opponent 3. Others?