Transcript Antares power overview

Introduction
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hypothesis
Topology, technical constrains
Redundancy, budget constrains
Grounding
Reliability
Conclusion
NIKHEF
E. Heine, H.Z. Peek
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Hypothesis
•
Power
VLVnT structure = 10 * Antares
VLVnT power < 5 * Antares
Technology progress
Structure upgrades
Demands of other users?
•
= 100 kW
Environmental
Distance shore-facility
= 100 km
Power cables combined with fibers
Single point failures has to avoid
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Power transmission
mains
Shore
•
•
•
•
Cable behavior for AC, DC
AC systems
DC systems
Redundancy (no single failure points)
100kW
100km
VLVnT
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Node grid
power
power
Node
12
Converter
Junction
Node Node
Node Node Node
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Converter
Junction
Node grid II
power
power
Sub
node
Opt.
station
7
10
Sub
node
Sub
node
Converter
Junction
Node
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Node
VLVnT facility-power
Opt.
station
Opt.
station
4
Node
35
Node
5
Inst.
station
Converter
Junction
Node
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Node grid III
power
•
•
power
•
Both stations can handle
full power.
Installation in phases
possible.
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Converter
Junction
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Converter
Junction
Node
Node Node Node
Node Node Node
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Node
Node
Node
Node
How to combine with
redundant optical network.
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Node
Redundant Power distribution
•
•
power power
•
Two long distance failures,
still 84% in charge.
Installation in phases
possible.
To combine with optical
network
6
Converter
Junction
Converter
Junction
Node Node Node Node
6
6
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Converter
Junction
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power power
Node
Node
Node Node Node Node
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6
6
6
Converter
Junction
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Long distance to local power
converter
junction
AC / AC system
shore power
288
•2x144 el.units submarine
•low power conversion
Node
AC / DC system
72
•2x36 + 4 el.units submarine
•high power conversion
Node
4
DC / DC system
72
4
4
•2x36 + 4 el.units submarine
•4 el.units on shore
•high power conversion
Node
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Long distance cable behavior
•
•
•
•
•
Higher voltage = lower current = less Cu losses = higher reactive losses
AC losses (Iload²+(kUwCcable)²) Rcu > DC losses (Iload²Rcu)
AC charging/discharging C, DC stored energy = ½CV²
DC conversions more complex then AC conversions
AC cables have be partitionized to adapt reactive compensation sections.
Lcable
Rcu
AC cable with reactive power compensation
Lcable
Rcu
Lcable
mains
mains
AC cable
VLVnT
Ccable
Rcu
Lcomp.
mains
DC cable
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Rcu
Rcu
VLVnT facility-power
VLVnT
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Lcable
Rcu
Ccable
VLVnT
Redundant Node grid
DC load sharing between two converter junctions
Rcu
Converter
Junction
Converter
Junction
Node
Node
Node
Node
AC load sharing between two converter junctions
Converter
Junction
Converter
Junction
Node
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Node
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Node
Node
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Conclusions on topology
AC/AC
+
+
passive components
DC/DC
AC/DC
+
constant output level
initial costs
initial costs
losses
active components subm.
fixed ratio by transformers
running costs
+
+
+
+
constant output level
cable losses
running costs
active components
initial costs
extra DC conversion subm.
running costs
extra cabling
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Grounding
•
•
Grounding is essential to relate all potentials to the environment.
Prevent ground currents by use of one ground point in a circuit.
AC
AC
DC
DC
DC
DC
5kV=
DC
DC
48V=
DC
DC
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5kV=
DC
DC
Node
Node
380V=
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DC
DC
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Reliability
Not something we buy, but something we make!
No Defect
20%
Software
9%
Induced
12%
Parts
22%
Wear-Out
9%
System
management
4%
Design
9%
Manufacturing
15%
Denson, W., “A Tutorial: PRISM”,RAC, 3Q 1999, pp. 1-2
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General conclusions
•
Technical issues to investigate
–
–
–
–
–
•
Organization
–
–
–
–
–
–
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DC for long distance is promising-> breakeven study for costs and redundancy
node grid gives redundancy
node grid can be made of components used in railway industry
inter module grid can be made of components used in automotive industry
each board / module makes its own low voltages
power committee recommend
specify the power budget (low as possible, no changes)
coordination of the grounding system before realizing
watching test reports, redundancy and reliability
try to involve a technical university for the feasibility study
coordination between power and communication infrastructures
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Industrial references
Expanding by
technology progress
600
HVDC, conventional
400
COSTS
power (MW)
500
HVDC, VSC-based
300
200
AC
BreakEven
Distance
Installation
costs;
9000 - 20000
€/MW.km
DC
HVAC
100
0
50
VLVnT
VLVnT
MVAC
0
100
150
200
250
300
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
submarine distance (km)
Lower in time by
technical evolution
Sally D. Wright, Transmission options for offshore wind farms in the united states, University of Massachusetts
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission, Siemens
HVDC light, ABB
Gemmell, B; e.a. “HVDC offers the key to untapped hydro potential”, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Volume:22 Issue: 5, May 2002 Page(s): 8-11
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Cable configuration
•
•
Combined with fibers for communication
Redundancy
Monopolar
power
Bipolar normal operation
Load
power
Load
power
Bipolar
Bipolar monopolar operation
power
power
Load
power
Load
power
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission, Siemens
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Power factor corrector
Classic
current
voltage
Classic:
• more harmonic noise
• higher I²R losses
dilivered power
PFC
• constant power load
• voltage and current in phase
PFC
voltage
current
I
C
U
control
~200kHz
C
delivered power
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Converter types
buck converter
+
+
input circuit
switching circuit
rectifying circuit
output circuit
control
~200kHz
-
-
boost converter
+
+
•
•
control
~200kHz
-
Efficiency up to 90%
Power driven
-
transformer
isolated converter
+
control
~200kHz
+
-
-
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Local power
start up sequence
14
12
voltage
Converters on each board or
function
• Control of switch on/off sequences
• Control of Vh>Vl (by scotky diodes)
• Control of voltage limits;
10
12V
3V3
3V3out
8
6
1V8 ± 4%, 5V ± 5%, 12V ± 10%
4
2
Power consistence
• PCB-layout (noise)
• efficiency
0
2
4
12V
2k
12V
6
8
10 time
BS250
0
37k
efficiency
40
3V3
4k7
60
0
20
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40
60
80
19
3V3out
3V3+5V
1V8
1V8out
1V8+5V
C1
100 power
VLVnT facility-power
C2
3V3
68k
20
15k
input voltage
temperature
output power
BS170
80
20k
Efficiency (%)
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Delay C1;
290nF/ms
Rise time C2; 41nF/ms