Transcript History of Christian Doctrine

The Reformation
and the Holiness
Movement
Revival, Awakening and Holiness.
Growing Weary of the Regime
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The Middle Ages was a depressing and
oppressive time in Western Europe.
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The human spirit can take but so much
oppression.
The ideals being taught in Christianity were
not evident in daily life
This gave birth to a desire for change
Causes of Dissent
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New influence from the Muslim world and
from ancient Greek philosophy preserved by
the Arabs.
The corruption of the clergy and the papacy
caused great disillusionment and
questioning.
Causes of Dissent
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There were many economic abuses, including
 Ecclesiastical Taxation
 In excess of taxes paid as Roman Citizens
 Absenteeism
 Appointment of positions just to provide the
appointee income.
 Simony
 Bribery for religious positions
 the sale of indulgences.
 Announcements that sins had been paid for
Causes of Dissent
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The rise of nationalism
Theological and spiritual conviction.
The invention of the printing press (1456)
Martin Luther
(1483-1546)
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A German Augustinian Monk
Convicted by Romans 1:17 “…The just
shall live by faith.”
Never intended to leave the Roman
Catholic Church
The Supreme Authority
of Scripture
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The watchwords of the Reformation are grace alone,
faith alone, Scripture alone, and Christ alone (sola gratia,
sola fide, sola Scriptura, sola Christus).
Luther rejected tradition as our authority and said
Scripture is our sole authority for doctrine.
In 1229 the Catholic Church had forbidden the laity to
read the Bible, because they were not theological experts.
Luther declared that the Bible, the liturgy, and the
preaching should be in the language of the people.
translated the Bible into German to make it available to
them.
Lutheran
Theology
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Justification By Faith (in an extreme way)
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Thought the Book of James was “straw”
Believed in Original sin (like Augustine)
Believed in unconditional election
(predestination … like Augustine)
Believed in the priesthood of believers (1
Peter 2:9)
Germans were very accepting of his
views.
The Start of the
Reformation
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His Ninety Five Theses against indulgences
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Posted on October 31, 1517
In 1520 Pope Leo X commanded him to
stop teaching his views.
Luther responded defiantly calling the
pope a heretic and the Antichrist.
Luther was declared a heretic in 1521 by
Emperor Charles V
Luther in
Hiding
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For his own safety, Luther was
“kidnapped” by local German leaders for
almost a year
His fame spread
He translated the New Testament into
German.
He emerged with much support from
German princes/people and was able to
preach freely.
Reformation
Spreads
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It only initiated in Germany
In Switzerland
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The Reformed in 1523 led by Ulrich Zwingli
After Zwingli’s death, John Calvin of Geneva
became the leader.
In Scotland it was known as Presbyterian
In England as Puritans
The Anabaptists
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Stemmed from the followers of Zwingli
Denounced infant baptism
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Baptism was only for believers
Were against the idea of a state church (for
separation of church and state)
Never became a major group in the
Reformation.
Most Anabaptists today are Mennonites
(followers of Menno Simmons)
Anglican Church
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Start by Henry VIII of all people
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He had a dispute with the pope over his divorce.
He left the Catholic Church and started the
Church of England (or Anglican Church) also
known as the Episcopalian Church
He named himself as the head of the church.
Now the Bishop of Canterbury is the head of the
church
Gaining Momentum
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By 1600, the Protestant Reformation had
reached its greatest extent in Europe
Northern Europe had become mostly
Protestant, particularly Lutheran.
Central Europe was a mixture of
Lutheran, Reformed, Anabaptist, and
Catholic.
England was Anglican.
The Sacraments
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Baptism
Confirmation
Penance
Eucharist (Communion)
Extreme Unction
Ordination (not essential)
Marriage (not essential)
The Reformation
is Christcentric
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Medieval Theology insisted upon
acknowledging every “person” of the
“triune” Godhead.
The Reformation’s emphasis was on Jesus.
“He that acknowledgeth the son hath the
father also. (I John 2:23)”
Pietists (1675)
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Arose again in Germany
Felt there was too much emphasis on
theological debate
Desired a more relationship oriented
Christianity.
Pietists
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A strong catalyst for them was Philip
Jacob Spener (1635-1705), a Lutheran.
Stressed repentance and an experience of
conversion that changed people’s lives.
This movement started among the
Lutherans but spread to the Calvinists
also.
Pietists
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Stressed 6 things to add fervor to Christianity.
1. More extensive use of the Scriptures, including Bible
study in small groups.
2. Reemphasis on the spiritual priesthood of all
believers.
3. Emphasis on spiritual experience and practice in
Christian life rather than mere knowledge.
4. Conducting controversies in a spirit of charity.
5. Training of pastors in devotional literature and
practice.
6. Renewed focus on the purpose of the pulpit toedify
the people.
Synod of Dort
Reemphasized the Teachings of the
Reformation
1. Total depravity.
2. Unconditional election.
3. Limited atonement.
4. Irresistible grace.
5. Perseverance of the saints. (Eternal Security)
Arminianism
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1. Universal prevenient grace.
2. Election based on foreknowledge.
3. Universal atonement.
4. Grace can be resisted.
5. No definite position regarding the
perseverance of the saints.
John Wesley
(1703-1791)
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He was an Anglican Priest
Started the Holy Club at Oxford
University in England out of a desire for
something deeper.
John Wesley
(1703-1791)
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His doctrine of sanctification and
Christian perfection. Up until this time,
most Protestants had emphasized the
doctrine of justification to the neglect of
sanctification.
“wholly sanctified” not “holy sanctified”
John Wesley
(1703-1791)
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To him:
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Conversion (being saved) was the first work
of grace
Sanctification was a second work of grace
Both would be definite experiences
The Christian could live a life victorious
over sin.
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This was in sharp contrast to most movements
Methodists
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Wesley’s younger brother, Charles, wrote
many hymns that are used in Baptist,
Methodist and Pentecostal congregations.
Such as:
Father, I stretch my hands to thee,
no other help I know,
If thou withdrew thy hand from me,
Whither shall I go?
Pentecostal Outpourings
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Ulrich Zwingli
Anabaptists
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Germany
Switzerland
The Quakers
Reformed
Methodists
Holiness
Moravians
Jonathan Edwards
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He was known to pray outside in the
snow for extended periods of time. The
prayer was so intense that when he had
finished, there would be a circle
surrounding him where the snow had
melted away.
A Calvinist Presbyterian
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
The Great Awakening
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By and large, the blacks in America responded
revivalist variety of the Baptists and Methodists.
The first major black denomination was the
African Methodist Episcopal Church, formed by
members who began withdrawing from a
Methodist church in 1787 due to racial
discrimination.
In 1816 it was formally organized, and a
prominent Methodist bishop, Francis Asbury,
consecrated Richard Allen as its first bishop.
The Second Awakening
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The new revival mostly involved
Methodists and Baptists, but some
Presbyterians took part, particularly in the
beginning.
The most outstanding camp meeting took
place in Cane Ridge, Kentucky in August
1801. It was organized by Presbyterians
and Methodists, and twenty to thirty
thousand people attended.
Cane Ridge Revival
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Characterized by:
sobbing, shrieking, falling (over three
thousand fell under the power of God),
exuberant singing, shouting, laughing
(“holy laughter”), dancing, shaking
(“jerking”), jumping, leaping, rolling, and
running. People testified that they fell into
trances, saw visions, and exercised various
gifts of the Holy Ghost.
The Holiness Movement
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The vision of John Wesley had left the
Methodist Church.
The fire had dwindled. There was a
renewed desire to return to holiness.
The Holiness movement particularly
sought to restore the New Testament truth
of divine healing.
The Holiness Churches
Wesleyan Methodist Church (1843)
Pilgrim Holiness Church (1897), now Wesleyan Church;
Free Methodist Church (1860)
Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) (1880)
Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) (1896)
Church of the Nazarene (1895) which became the largest
Holiness denomination;
Pentecostal Holiness Church (1900)
Church of God in Christ (1897)
From 1895 to 1905, over twenty small Holiness
denominations were started.
Charles Parham
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Founder and director of a small Bible
school in Topeka, Kansas.
He was an independent preacher
associated with the Holiness movement.
The school spent many days studying the
New Testament regarding the Baptism of
the Holy Spirit and sought God on this
wise.
The Pentecostal Movement
(January 1, 1901)
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In a prayer meeting Agnes Ozman asked
Parham to lay hands on her that she might
receive the Holy Ghost with the evidence of
speaking in tongues.
When he did, she began to speak in tongues.
Several other students soon received the same
experience, and on January 3 Parham himself
along with many others also received the Holy
Ghost with the sign of speaking in tongues.
Three Works of Grace?
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The Baptism of the Holy Ghost originally
thought of as a third work of grace
The common testimony of early
Pentecostals was,
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“Thank God, I am saved, sanctified, and
filled with the Holy Ghost.”
Pentecostal Holiness Churches
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Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee),
Church of God in Christ
Pentecostal Holiness Church.
These organizations advocated three works of grace,
while later other Pentecostals reduced the number to
two or one.
For instance, the Assemblies of God believes in two
works of grace: conversion and the baptism of the Holy
Spirit (a postconversional endowment of power)
the United Pentecostal Church holds that repentance,
water baptism, and the baptism of the Holy Spirit are all
part of the one experience of regeneration.