Transcript The Renaissance Part II

The Reformation
The Reformation
The Counter Reformation
The Scientific Revolution
The Reformation
I've seen things you people wouldn't believe.
Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion.
I watched C-beams glitter in the dark near the
Tannhauser gate.
All those moments will be lost in time,
…like tears in rain.
…Time to die.
The Reformation
 Blade Runner
Rome, …We have a Problem
 The Catholic Church was very powerful and the kings and rulers
of Europe knew that to maintain or increase their power they
needed the blessing of the Pope.
 The Catholic Church was the one thing that Europeans had in
common
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It unified the people
It was sanctioned by God
 The church held final say on things that were of heaven and of
earth
 The Pope was seen as infallible-he was God’s man on Earth
 To get to Heaven you needed to abide by the rules of the
Catholic Church-almost everyone understood this
Rome, …We have a Problem
 Indulgences
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The church wanted to
keep up with the times
and Renaissance
painters and building
large buildings cost
money
To keep money coming
into the church the
church began selling
indulgences
Rome, …We have a Problem
 Purgatory
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Was seen as the great
holding place were people
would go after death to
basically do time for their
sins
Purgatory was not a place
most Catholic wanted to
spend their time
To reduce the time in
purgatory the church
began to sell indulgences
Rome, …We have a Problem
SPECIAL OFFER
LIMITED TIME ONLY
Are you looking at 300 or 400 years in Purgatory!
Don’t want to wait in that long line with the other common sinners!
Then the Catholic Church as a deal for you!
We can reduce your time in Purgatory!
You give us money-More money means less time in Purgatory
AND
We give you a piece of paper reducing your time in Purgatory and
getting you into Heaven faster!
(This offer is not good in any Christian Orthodox Community)
Rome, …We have a Problem
 The Church was making a lot of money off the sales
of indulgences
 The sale of indulgences also kept the masses in line

Only through the Catholic Church can you get to Heaven
 The sale of indulgences also upset the peasants
 Many could not afford to pay for the indulgences so they
were basically left out of the process
 Many felt that they were going to suffer here on earth and
then in Purgatory
Rome, …We have a Problem
 The church had amassed a
large amount of money
 It had alienated some nobles
who were unwilling to
submit to the power of the
church
 The church exploited the
resources of countries by
draining them of wealth
 What arose was anti-Church
sentiments
I am on a mission from God
 Martin Luther


Luther was a Catholic
monk who became
upset with the
indulgence practices of
the Catholic Church
Luther called the
indulgences “Salvation
for profit”
I am on a mission from God
 Luther also went to Rome
and saw the wealth that the
church had amassed and was
not happy that the Vatican
was more of a worldly city.
 Luther saw the Renaissances
works that had been paid for
by churchgoers who would
never see the Vatican and
was disillusioned with goals
of the church
Signs, Signs, Everywhere are Signs
 Luther went home very
upset

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In 1517 Luther wrote
down his grievances
with the Catholic
Church
He wrote his famous 95
Theses and attached it
to the church door at
Wittenberg
Some Key Points
 21. Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in
error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is
freed from every penalty, and saved
 82. To wit: -- "Why does not the pope empty
purgatory, for the sake of holy love and of the dire
need of the souls that are there, if he redeems an
infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable
money with which to build a Church? The former
reasons would be most just; the latter is most trivial."
Not too Happy with Luther
 To say the least Luther did
not make friends with the
Catholic Church
 Luther saw the Pope and the
Catholic Church as greedy
 The Catholic Church saw
Luther as a troublemaker and
a heretic
 Pope Leo X
Not too Happy with Luther
 The Church (Pope Leo X) tells Luther to retract his criticisms at

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an assembly at Worms
Luther refuses
Pope Leo X wants Luther arrested and tried
Luther is now a fugitive from the Catholic Church
However Luther’s ideas, with the aid of the printing press, spread
throughout northern Europe
Remember the nobles that were upset with the church? They
protect and side with Luther
The church excommunicates Luther
Luther says no big deal-Don’t like you and your rules anyway-I’ll
start my own church-Lutheran Church-We will call ourselves
Protestants and play by our own rules
Those who went before
Luther…But had Failed
 Prior to Luther a number of clergy members
attempted to make reforms in the church
 Most of the time these clergy members
wanted to return back to its spiritual roots
Those who went before
Luther…But had Failed
 John Wycliffe-Oxford University
wanted to return the church to
its roots.


Starts a following called the
Lollards
The Catholic Church does
not go after Wycliffe while he
is alive-after he dies they
burn his body and persecute
his followers
 Jan Hus-German clergyman

Burned at the stake in 1415
 Savonarola-Dominican Friar


Used violence to rid Florence
of worldly vanity
Executed by the Church in
1498
The Backlash from Luther’s
Reforms
 Most obvious

There was a split in the Catholic Church
 Catholics
and Protestants
 Interpretations of the Bible

Theologians began to look at the Bible and come
up with their own ideas on what the Bible
actually meant
 Some
agreed with Luther-Others were way out there
Calvinism
 Other Protestant groups
began to appear
 In the 1530’s John
Calvin a French scholar
established a Protestant
community in Geneva
Switzerland
Calvinism
 John Calvin preached the idea of
Predestination


It was the idea that God had already
predetermined the ultimate destiny for all people
Calvin believed that only a few people would be
saved the (Elect) and the rest were already
damned
Calvinism
 Calvinism would spread
to France and later to
Scotland
 It would influence
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The Huguenots in
France
The Puritans in
England
The Presbyterians in
Scotland
Henry VIII needs a new Wife
 Henry VIII of England
wanted an annulment from
his first wife who failed to
produce a male heir to the
throne
 The Pope declined the
annulment
 Henry upset with the Pope
and Church renounced the
Church
Henry VIII needs a new Wife
 Henry placed himself as head of the church of
England
 Called his new religion Anglicanism
 Henry then went on to marry 5 more women and cut
off the heads of 4 of those women
 The new Anglican (Protestant) religion caused a split
in England while about half the population remained
Catholic while the other half converted to Protestant.
So what’s the Big Difference?
 Protestants
 Placed less emphasis on the rituals and sacraments
 Opposed the worship of Saints and The Virgin Marydetracted from the relationship with God
 Only the Grace of God could save humans not the Pope,
Priest or any other church member
 The Bible was more of guidelines open to interpretation
 Emphasized education of all people
 More lenient about divorce, clergy allowed to marry
 Rejected Transubstantiation
 That the bread and wine were transformed into the body
of Christ
Hey, Not even we get along
 Not all protestant religions agreed with their own
doctrines
 Calvinist were server and puritanical
 The Anglican Church was much more relaxed
 The Puritans in England (The minority) were often
persecuted by the Anglicans (The majority)

Remember the Puritans will leave England on the
Mayflower-Land in Plymouth-because they are looking for
religious freedoms
I’ll see your Reformation and
Counter Reformation
 The Catholic Church was losing followers
 The Church realized it needed to restructure and
reform some of its practices
 Spain the true-blue Catholic country was one of the
first to lead this reform by banning the sale of
indulgences
 Priest and clergymen were trained to live a holy life
instead of just preaching about a holy life

That old practice what you preach
I’ll see your Reformation and
Counter Reformation
 The Council of Trent
 Between 1545 and 1563
a group of Church
officials defined the
doctrine of the Church
 It clarified the Church’s
position on salvation
and other religious
questions
 Heretics were punished
and Latin became the
official language (again)
of the Church
I’ll see your Reformation and
Counter Reformation
 The Catholic Church however was not giving
into the Protestants instead it was going to
compete against the Protestants
 The Church established a more rigorous
religious discipline

Created an Index of Forbidden Books
 This
list would last until 1966
 Some notables on the list

John Locke,
I’ll see your Reformation and
Counter Reformation
 The Catholic Church made weekly mass a
must
 The Pope had supreme authority over all
things holy
 Oh ya there was also a new brand of Catholics
called Jesuits
New Catholic Soldiers
 Jesuits
 Were formed by
Ignatius Loyola a
former Spanish Soldier
 Wanted to restore the
faith in the teachings of
Jesus
 Practiced self control,
moderation, and
believed that prayer and
good works led to
salvation
New Catholic Soldiers
 The society of Jesuits
often called itself the
“Church Militant” and
expected high
expectations in the
clergy in regards to
religion
 Those who did not
follow the rules were
often tried by the
Church
New Catholic Soldiers
 Many Jesuits were known for
their oratorical and political
skills
 Many kings and Queen in
Europe who wished to keep
their empires on the side of
the Catholic Church
appointed Jesuits to high
palace positions
 Jesuits also became
missionaries, educators and
diplomats and played an
active role in European
politics until the 1700’s
Those famous words,
Why can’t we all just get along?
 Result of the Counter Reformation

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The Catholic Church was back in business again
It had contained the spread of Protestantism to
Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Scotland, parts
of central Europe and small parts of France-and
then there was England-Who made their own
church
 The result would be Religious Wars
If you can’t join them then beat them
 The Protestant Reformation was as much
religious as it was political
 The Catholic countries of France, Spain, the
Holy Roman Empire and Italy were going to
force the Protestant countries to return the
Catholicism
If you can’t join them then beat them
 In the 1540’s religious wars break out in the
German states of the Holy roman Empire
 The Catholic forces win but with the Treaty of
Augsburg the Catholics and the Protestants
have to compromise and several German
states are allowed to remain Protestant
If you can’t join them then beat them
 Between 1530’s to the 1600’s
there were religious wars in
England and Scotland
 The Dutch who were
Calvinist were determined to
drive the Catholic Spanish
out of region
 France experienced several
bloody wars between
Catholics and French
Protestants (Huguenots)
 The Massacre of St.
Bartholomew
If you can’t join them then beat them
 The Spanish Armada
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In 1588 the Catholic
Spanish launched and
attack on the Anglican
British
The Spanish planed to
invade England-defeat
Elizabeth I and return
England to it’s original
Catholic state
The Armada failed
The Thirty Years’ War
 The last large religious war to be fought was
the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
 Protestant Bohemians living inside the Holy
Roman Empire had issues with Catholic
authorities
The Thirty Years’ War
 The Protestants were
backed by

The Dutch, Swedes,
The German states that
adopted Lutheranism,
and Calvinist
 England sent
financial support
The Thirty Years’ War
 The Catholics were
backed by

Spain, Austrians of the
Holy Roman Empire,
and German states of
the Holy Roman
Empire that remained
Catholic
The Thirty Years’ War
 The war soon turned form a religious war to a
political war
 The Catholic nation of France joined the war
on the side of Protestant German states

This was in an effort to weaken Spain and the
Holy Roman Empire who France saw as a threat
to the French state
 France’s intervention was seen as a growing
secular Europe and not one based on religion
The Thirty Years’ War
 The Treaty of Westphalia
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(1648)
The Protestants with the
assistance of the French had
defeated the catholic armies
Now Europe would have to
learn to co-exist
The Treaty marked the end
of disputes in Europe based
on religion
Further disputes would be
based on nationalism