The Renaissance Part II
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Transcript The Renaissance Part II
The Reformation
The Reformation
The Counter Reformation
The Scientific Revolution
The Reformation
I've seen things you people wouldn't believe.
Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion.
I watched C-beams glitter in the dark near the
Tannhauser gate.
All those moments will be lost in time,
…like tears in rain.
…Time to die.
The Reformation
Blade Runner
Rome, …We have a Problem
The Catholic Church was very powerful and the kings and rulers
of Europe knew that to maintain or increase their power they
needed the blessing of the Pope.
The Catholic Church was the one thing that Europeans had in
common
It unified the people
It was sanctioned by God
The church held final say on things that were of heaven and of
earth
The Pope was seen as infallible-he was God’s man on Earth
To get to Heaven you needed to abide by the rules of the
Catholic Church-almost everyone understood this
Rome, …We have a Problem
Indulgences
The church wanted to
keep up with the times
and Renaissance
painters and building
large buildings cost
money
To keep money coming
into the church the
church began selling
indulgences
Rome, …We have a Problem
Purgatory
Was seen as the great
holding place were people
would go after death to
basically do time for their
sins
Purgatory was not a place
most Catholic wanted to
spend their time
To reduce the time in
purgatory the church
began to sell indulgences
Rome, …We have a Problem
SPECIAL OFFER
LIMITED TIME ONLY
Are you looking at 300 or 400 years in Purgatory!
Don’t want to wait in that long line with the other common sinners!
Then the Catholic Church as a deal for you!
We can reduce your time in Purgatory!
You give us money-More money means less time in Purgatory
AND
We give you a piece of paper reducing your time in Purgatory and
getting you into Heaven faster!
(This offer is not good in any Christian Orthodox Community)
Rome, …We have a Problem
The Church was making a lot of money off the sales
of indulgences
The sale of indulgences also kept the masses in line
Only through the Catholic Church can you get to Heaven
The sale of indulgences also upset the peasants
Many could not afford to pay for the indulgences so they
were basically left out of the process
Many felt that they were going to suffer here on earth and
then in Purgatory
Rome, …We have a Problem
The church had amassed a
large amount of money
It had alienated some nobles
who were unwilling to
submit to the power of the
church
The church exploited the
resources of countries by
draining them of wealth
What arose was anti-Church
sentiments
I am on a mission from God
Martin Luther
Luther was a Catholic
monk who became
upset with the
indulgence practices of
the Catholic Church
Luther called the
indulgences “Salvation
for profit”
I am on a mission from God
Luther also went to Rome
and saw the wealth that the
church had amassed and was
not happy that the Vatican
was more of a worldly city.
Luther saw the Renaissances
works that had been paid for
by churchgoers who would
never see the Vatican and
was disillusioned with goals
of the church
Signs, Signs, Everywhere are Signs
Luther went home very
upset
In 1517 Luther wrote
down his grievances
with the Catholic
Church
He wrote his famous 95
Theses and attached it
to the church door at
Wittenberg
Some Key Points
21. Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in
error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is
freed from every penalty, and saved
82. To wit: -- "Why does not the pope empty
purgatory, for the sake of holy love and of the dire
need of the souls that are there, if he redeems an
infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable
money with which to build a Church? The former
reasons would be most just; the latter is most trivial."
Not too Happy with Luther
To say the least Luther did
not make friends with the
Catholic Church
Luther saw the Pope and the
Catholic Church as greedy
The Catholic Church saw
Luther as a troublemaker and
a heretic
Pope Leo X
Not too Happy with Luther
The Church (Pope Leo X) tells Luther to retract his criticisms at
an assembly at Worms
Luther refuses
Pope Leo X wants Luther arrested and tried
Luther is now a fugitive from the Catholic Church
However Luther’s ideas, with the aid of the printing press, spread
throughout northern Europe
Remember the nobles that were upset with the church? They
protect and side with Luther
The church excommunicates Luther
Luther says no big deal-Don’t like you and your rules anyway-I’ll
start my own church-Lutheran Church-We will call ourselves
Protestants and play by our own rules
Those who went before
Luther…But had Failed
Prior to Luther a number of clergy members
attempted to make reforms in the church
Most of the time these clergy members
wanted to return back to its spiritual roots
Those who went before
Luther…But had Failed
John Wycliffe-Oxford University
wanted to return the church to
its roots.
Starts a following called the
Lollards
The Catholic Church does
not go after Wycliffe while he
is alive-after he dies they
burn his body and persecute
his followers
Jan Hus-German clergyman
Burned at the stake in 1415
Savonarola-Dominican Friar
Used violence to rid Florence
of worldly vanity
Executed by the Church in
1498
The Backlash from Luther’s
Reforms
Most obvious
There was a split in the Catholic Church
Catholics
and Protestants
Interpretations of the Bible
Theologians began to look at the Bible and come
up with their own ideas on what the Bible
actually meant
Some
agreed with Luther-Others were way out there
Calvinism
Other Protestant groups
began to appear
In the 1530’s John
Calvin a French scholar
established a Protestant
community in Geneva
Switzerland
Calvinism
John Calvin preached the idea of
Predestination
It was the idea that God had already
predetermined the ultimate destiny for all people
Calvin believed that only a few people would be
saved the (Elect) and the rest were already
damned
Calvinism
Calvinism would spread
to France and later to
Scotland
It would influence
The Huguenots in
France
The Puritans in
England
The Presbyterians in
Scotland
Henry VIII needs a new Wife
Henry VIII of England
wanted an annulment from
his first wife who failed to
produce a male heir to the
throne
The Pope declined the
annulment
Henry upset with the Pope
and Church renounced the
Church
Henry VIII needs a new Wife
Henry placed himself as head of the church of
England
Called his new religion Anglicanism
Henry then went on to marry 5 more women and cut
off the heads of 4 of those women
The new Anglican (Protestant) religion caused a split
in England while about half the population remained
Catholic while the other half converted to Protestant.
So what’s the Big Difference?
Protestants
Placed less emphasis on the rituals and sacraments
Opposed the worship of Saints and The Virgin Marydetracted from the relationship with God
Only the Grace of God could save humans not the Pope,
Priest or any other church member
The Bible was more of guidelines open to interpretation
Emphasized education of all people
More lenient about divorce, clergy allowed to marry
Rejected Transubstantiation
That the bread and wine were transformed into the body
of Christ
Hey, Not even we get along
Not all protestant religions agreed with their own
doctrines
Calvinist were server and puritanical
The Anglican Church was much more relaxed
The Puritans in England (The minority) were often
persecuted by the Anglicans (The majority)
Remember the Puritans will leave England on the
Mayflower-Land in Plymouth-because they are looking for
religious freedoms
I’ll see your Reformation and
Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church was losing followers
The Church realized it needed to restructure and
reform some of its practices
Spain the true-blue Catholic country was one of the
first to lead this reform by banning the sale of
indulgences
Priest and clergymen were trained to live a holy life
instead of just preaching about a holy life
That old practice what you preach
I’ll see your Reformation and
Counter Reformation
The Council of Trent
Between 1545 and 1563
a group of Church
officials defined the
doctrine of the Church
It clarified the Church’s
position on salvation
and other religious
questions
Heretics were punished
and Latin became the
official language (again)
of the Church
I’ll see your Reformation and
Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church however was not giving
into the Protestants instead it was going to
compete against the Protestants
The Church established a more rigorous
religious discipline
Created an Index of Forbidden Books
This
list would last until 1966
Some notables on the list
John Locke,
I’ll see your Reformation and
Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church made weekly mass a
must
The Pope had supreme authority over all
things holy
Oh ya there was also a new brand of Catholics
called Jesuits
New Catholic Soldiers
Jesuits
Were formed by
Ignatius Loyola a
former Spanish Soldier
Wanted to restore the
faith in the teachings of
Jesus
Practiced self control,
moderation, and
believed that prayer and
good works led to
salvation
New Catholic Soldiers
The society of Jesuits
often called itself the
“Church Militant” and
expected high
expectations in the
clergy in regards to
religion
Those who did not
follow the rules were
often tried by the
Church
New Catholic Soldiers
Many Jesuits were known for
their oratorical and political
skills
Many kings and Queen in
Europe who wished to keep
their empires on the side of
the Catholic Church
appointed Jesuits to high
palace positions
Jesuits also became
missionaries, educators and
diplomats and played an
active role in European
politics until the 1700’s
Those famous words,
Why can’t we all just get along?
Result of the Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church was back in business again
It had contained the spread of Protestantism to
Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Scotland, parts
of central Europe and small parts of France-and
then there was England-Who made their own
church
The result would be Religious Wars
If you can’t join them then beat them
The Protestant Reformation was as much
religious as it was political
The Catholic countries of France, Spain, the
Holy Roman Empire and Italy were going to
force the Protestant countries to return the
Catholicism
If you can’t join them then beat them
In the 1540’s religious wars break out in the
German states of the Holy roman Empire
The Catholic forces win but with the Treaty of
Augsburg the Catholics and the Protestants
have to compromise and several German
states are allowed to remain Protestant
If you can’t join them then beat them
Between 1530’s to the 1600’s
there were religious wars in
England and Scotland
The Dutch who were
Calvinist were determined to
drive the Catholic Spanish
out of region
France experienced several
bloody wars between
Catholics and French
Protestants (Huguenots)
The Massacre of St.
Bartholomew
If you can’t join them then beat them
The Spanish Armada
In 1588 the Catholic
Spanish launched and
attack on the Anglican
British
The Spanish planed to
invade England-defeat
Elizabeth I and return
England to it’s original
Catholic state
The Armada failed
The Thirty Years’ War
The last large religious war to be fought was
the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
Protestant Bohemians living inside the Holy
Roman Empire had issues with Catholic
authorities
The Thirty Years’ War
The Protestants were
backed by
The Dutch, Swedes,
The German states that
adopted Lutheranism,
and Calvinist
England sent
financial support
The Thirty Years’ War
The Catholics were
backed by
Spain, Austrians of the
Holy Roman Empire,
and German states of
the Holy Roman
Empire that remained
Catholic
The Thirty Years’ War
The war soon turned form a religious war to a
political war
The Catholic nation of France joined the war
on the side of Protestant German states
This was in an effort to weaken Spain and the
Holy Roman Empire who France saw as a threat
to the French state
France’s intervention was seen as a growing
secular Europe and not one based on religion
The Thirty Years’ War
The Treaty of Westphalia
(1648)
The Protestants with the
assistance of the French had
defeated the catholic armies
Now Europe would have to
learn to co-exist
The Treaty marked the end
of disputes in Europe based
on religion
Further disputes would be
based on nationalism