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Week 12 Tutorial 10 Sociolinguistics Kwok Zhi Hao Geraldine Tu Xue En Lee Xiong Wei Joshua Reanna Suela Question 1: COCKNEY DIALECT AND REFLEXIVE FORMATION Cockney Dialect and Reflexive Formation Part A) Object Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Singular Plural Singular Plural First person me us my our Second person you you your your Third person him/her/it them his/her/its their Reflexives Singular Plural First person myself ourselves Second person yourself yourselves To create a reflexive pronoun, put possessive pronouns together with the noun ‘self’. Cockney Dialect and Reflexive Formation Reflexive pronoun = possessive pronouns + ‘self’ Part B) Reflexives Singular Plural First person myself ourselves Second person yourself yourselves Third Person hisself/herself/itsself theirselves Part C) Actual third person pronouns in Standard English: Third Person Singular Plural himself/herself/itself themselves Cockney Dialect and Reflexive Formation Reflexive pronoun = possessive pronouns + ‘self’ Part D) A prescriptive approach: The forms in B are correct using the above rule However, they are incorrect as they are not used in the modern standard English. Descriptive approach: The forms are important in helping us understand the use of reflexive pronouns in the different dialects Should not condemn the forms used in Cockney Cockney Dialect and Reflexive Formation The Cockney Dialect is more “systematic” because all the first, second and third person reflexives follow the same rule. Cockney Dialect Reflexives Rule First person Myself Second person Yourself Possessive pronouns + ‘self’ Third person Hisself/ herself/ itsself/ theirselves Standard English Reflexives Rule First person Myself Possessive pronouns + ‘self’ Second person Yourself Third person Himself/ herself/ itself/ themselves Object pronouns + ‘self’ Question 2: CONTACT LINGUISTICS AND TOK PISIN Contact linguistics and Tok Pisin Tok Pisin ‘Talk Pidgin’ Literal translated to English Translation (meaning) Taim bilong kol time belong cold ‘winter’ Taim bilong san time belong sun ‘summer’ man bilong wokim gaden man belong working garden ‘farmer’ tasol that’s all ‘only’ kamup come up ‘arrive’ haus sik house sick ‘hospital’ Contact linguistics and Tok Pisin Tok Pisin ‘Talk Pidgin’ Literally translated to English Translation (meaning) haus money house money ‘bank’ olgeta altogether ‘all’ sapos suppose ‘if’ Handet yia hundred year ‘century’ Hamas krismas yu gat? How much Christmas you got? ‘How old are you?’ Question 3: LANGUAGE POLICIES AND PLANNING DILEMMA Language Policies and Planning Dilemma Options Pros French – the colonial language - Spoken by the educational/ - Colonial past political elites - Only the elite groups are - The language of educated in this language administration/ education for 80 years English – the language of modernization and globalization - Most popular language - Economic/ educational/ scientific/ technological advantages - Not a colonial language - Unknown to 80% of the population Dondon – a local vernacular shared among 50% of the population - Numerical majority - Can be shared among different ethnic groups - Resistance from other popular vernacular languages - Lack a lexical/ terminological repertoire for modernisation & education Ababa – a common language - Politically neutral of trade spoken by traders - Language of trade and used for trading throughout the country purposes Cons - Limited to trading domains - Unknown to others who are not involved in trading Language Policies and Planning Dilemma Languages User Education Politically Neutral Modernisation French ✗ English ✗ Dondon ✗ ✗ ✗ Ababa ✗ ✗ Decision: English • Based on number of ticks • Most popular language in the world • Modernisation • Government’s interest to modernise and be integrated into the world market • Long term education policy • Courses for the working population Question 4: WHAT IS LINGUISTICS? What is Linguistics? • Study of how people communicate • Explains how language evolves • Explains how we understand each other despite differences in speech / tone / grammar • Explains how language develops in the brain and in society • Descriptive and scientific approach to study language Why Linguistics? • Language is one of the greatest tools and defining aspects of humanity • Linguistics is at the center of the universe (Week 1), study language to learn about the world and humans/humanity • affects every dimension of our lives (political, business, cultural, psychological) • from individuals to whole societies • tell us about our histories and development (physical and social), our current state, and our possible future Thank you