Transcript Patricia Marks - California Reading Association
Promoting Vocabulary Growth
Saturday, November 1, 2013 Patricia Cottrell-Marks, MA Reading Specialist Build academic optimism so kids hear andbelieve every day that they can succeed.
Education Week, October 16, 2013 .
Vocabulary Instruction Students need to encounter a word about 12 times before they know it.
(Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G., and Kucan, L. (2013) and Akhavan, N. (2007)
What does this say to us about instruction?
Rote memorization
is the
least
effective instructional method for vocabulary (Kameenui, Dixon and Carine,1987l; Baker, Simmons, and Kameenui, 1995).
The Importance of Vocabulary
Vocabulary knowledge is closely related to reading comprehension and academic achievement (Chall, Jacobs & Baldwin, 1990; Graves, 2000).
Vocabulary assessed in first grade predicted over 30% of reading comprehension variance in 11 th grade (Cunningham and Stanovich, 1977).
Children who enter school with limited vocabulary fall further behind each year that they are in school
(Chall et al., 1990) Fourth grade slump strongly associated with increasing text demands and under-developed vocabulary (Chall, Jacobs & Baldwin, 1990) Vocabulary knowledge is a critical factor in the school success of English-language learners (Carlo, August, & Snow, 2005; Folse,2004; Nation, 2001).
How Does Vocabulary Affect Reading Comprehension and Written Expression?
Reading Comprehension
If you misunderstand a word, it can throw off the whole concept.
Ex:
Look at the big black bat.
Written Comprehension
If you don’t know a specific word, your writing is very nondescript. Word retrieval is difficult for many students.
Ex:
I like the big thing that does it.
Ex:
The thing is that I like that stuff.
Richards (2013) The development of children’s vocabulary and syntax are related to either hearing books read aloud and from independent reading
(
Hill
,
2009).
Differences: Oral and Written Language
Oral Language
naturalisitic contextual repetitious vocabulary and sentence structure informal story oriented pragmatic cues intonations body language shared physical surroundings learned with little explicit instruction (Peregoy and Boyle, 1997).
infants become
naturally
wired for the sounds of oral language through daily interactions with parents or caregivers (Chomsky, 1969).
Written Language
imposed decontextualized word and sentence structure carry implicit meaning formal text structures pragmatic and other cues are absent (Stetkevich and Fuhrman, 2013) Written language was
taught.
invented
as a way to represent spoken language using abstract symbols that must be For most children written language must be learned with a lot of explicit instruction and requires lots of practice (Peregoy and Boyle, 1997).
Characteristics of Oral and Written Language
ORAL LANGUAGE
Oral Language is a natural phenomenon.
(You)
Sit over there ….
Oral language is contextual and relies on gestures. It is often a sentence fragment.
Oral language meanings can be expressed through facial expressions and intonations. The articulation of nouns may not be essential.
WRITTEN LANGUAGE
Written language is invented (Greene, 2002).
Ex: Tom sat on the chair.
In written language the subject (
Tom)
object (
chair)
are identified.
and Written language meanings must include explicit language and grammatical use of object in sentences.
Ex:
Tom –
subject
Chair –
object
Involves choices to do with semantics, syntax and phonology (Hill, 2009).
Uses more complex embedded syntax structures.
Vocabulary Acquisition
New Word Learning
Proficient readers learn
8 words per day
, adding up to 3,000 words per year
How To Narrow the Vocabulary Gap
Massive exposure to vocabulary--up to
100 words per week
Vocabulary instruction needs to be embedded in every lesson across the curriculum and throughout the school “
Flood of words”
– where students have many and varied opportunities to learn new words (Scott, et al., 1997) Contextual reading
Four Component Vocabulary Approach
Rich and Varied Language Experiences
Print rich environment; classroom text; wide reading library filled with expository and narrative
Instruction in Individual Words
Read-Alouds
; students actively involved using and thinking about words Introduce new rich vocabulary with teacher-led discussions for 15 min./day Instruction should include definitional and contextual information with multiple exposures and opportunities to use them
Instruction in Strategies for Independent Word Learning
Semantic Maps
(map of synonyms for central concept), dictionary use, contextual analysis, cognate awareness for ELL students
Morphemic Analysis
– prefixes, roots and suffixes
Fostering Word Consciousness
Developed through word play, and through research on word origins or histories (Graves, 2006)
What Words To Teach
Tier One
Consists of most basic words:
baby, clock, walking
These words rarely need instruction, except for English language learners and students with limited vocabulary *
Tier Two
(Magic 8 Word List —Word Wall) Important for academic oral or reading comprehension.
Contain multiple meanings.
Target words within “zone of proximal development” About 7,000 word families in English
Tier Three
Explain as need arises
matter molecule
Meaning is unlikely known; specific to particular content area (Beck, McKeown, Kucan, 2013)
Criteria: Tier II Level Words
Importance and Utility Characteristic of mature users Appear frequently across various domains Increased descriptive vocabulary More abstract and complex
Instructional Potential
each year from 3 rd Children need to learn 2,000 to 3,000 new words
grade onward--about 6-8 words per day. (Tresansky, 2012) Wide usage To build connections with other words and concepts Best candidates for explicit instruction
“Goldilocks Words” Conceptual Understanding
Words to demonstrate understand demonstrate general concepts To provide precision and specificity describing concepts
Strategies for Word Building
Latin and Greek Roots
Morphological Analysis
Academic Vocabulary Read- Alouds Children’s Books
Inferring Word Meanings
Drama To Learn Word Meanings
Using Graphic Organizers
Why teach Latin and Greek Roots?
Over 60% of words students encounter in school texts derive from Latin and Greek roots
( Nagy, Anderson, Schommer, Scott & Stallman,1989).
Knowledge of these roots like pronunciation, meaning, and spelling, especially for young readers
(Rasinski & Padak, 2001; Bear, Invernizzi, Templeton & Johnston,2000).
Many English language learners speak first languages semantically embedded in the Latin lexicon (e.g., Spanish) and studying these can accelerate vocabulary growth
(Blachowicz, Fisher,Ogley & Watts-Taffe,2006).
Tier Two Words- many words Greek and Latin root
Study of “roots” provides ability to learn many words independently
(Nagy, & Scott, 2000).
Morphological Analysis:
Process of breaking complex words into meaning elements called morphemes (bases, prefixes, and suffixes) (Bowers, Kirby, 2009).
Latin words:
in + cred + ible
(not) (believe) (can be done)
“cannot be believed”
Morphology: Study of Latin, Greek, Anglo Saxon Roots & Affixes
in, y, s,ed, ible, tive, ness ture, ed, s, ing
rupture
cy, s, ed, ing, tion
bankrupt
ly, ness, s, ing, ed, tion
incorruptible incorrupt ibility ruptured ruptures rupturing
rupt “to break or burst”
bankruptcy bankruptcies erupt abrupt abruptly abruptness interrupt interrupts interrupting corrupt corrupts corrupted corruptible Corruptive-ness erupts erupted erupting eruption eruptions interrupted interruption interruptions Uninterrupted uninterruptedly
Second Language Learners & Struggling Readers
Teaching Approach:
Scaffold language instruction and concepts.
Provide direct and explicit language instruction.
Students practice these skills in pairs or small groups.
Provide a safe and supportive learning environment.
Word Tree:
To help students recognize how words can grow from base words and root words.
fract (Latin) to break; violate punct (Latin) point and dot
fractious (adj) – 1. tending to make trouble; 2. cranky
punc
ture – to pierce with pointed object
in
frac
tion
(n) breaking law/rule
com
punc
tion
(n) remorse
frac
ture 1. (n.) breaking of object/material; 2. (v) to break or cause to break
punc
tual (adj) being on time
Benefits of Children’s Books
Research
Introduce a history or science lesson
Broadening Vocabulary
Rare Words
Modeling Strategies: Inferring Word Meanings
Research: Benefits of Read-Alouds
Incidental Vocabulary Instruction
Young children can learn new vocabulary “incidentally” from having illustrated storybooks read to them.
Teacher Explanations
G iving additional explanation of unknown words can more than double vocabulary gains.
Permanency Of New Vocabulary
New learning of vocabulary is relatively permanent.
Research Findings
Reading aloud an appealing 8-10 minute story, read three times, with a brief explanation of word meanings, can produce 40% gains in vocabulary for typical children (Elley, 1989). Reading to children helps build recognition knowledge of new words and ability to use new words in their retellings (Elley, 1988; Snow, Burns & Griffin, 1998).
Picture Books: Broadening Vocabularies
Steps
: Select read aloud books just above student’s reading abilities Read first 100 words.
Notice the type of language the author uses.
What would a child miss if he didn’t understand the vocabulary in this story?
Grand Old Tree by Mary Newell DePalma The words introduce concepts and ideas —
sank, nestled, scurried, bore, sowed, basked,
and
swayed
Consider: Does the child understand what
squirrels
do?
Do they understand the
life cycle of plants?
Akhavan (2007)
Children’s Books --“Rare” Words
Lyrical Language
Cynthia Rylant’s Long Night Moon or Where the Wild Things Are ‘
gnashing teeth’
and
‘terrible roars
’ and Max ‘
sailed off through night and day and in and out of weeks
’. Find
3 words
per read aloud to focus on (Akhavan, 2007).
A child’s oral language vocabulary is enhanced through the shared reading of picture books in either English or their primary language and has been shown to strengthen the vocabulary acquisition of English-language learners (Roberts 2008).
Inferring Word Meanings
Getting students to take steps to figure out words
Goals:
Gain fluency, enjoy reading, and read more words overall
Steps:
1. Consider the word.
oscillate
2. Think about what has happened in the story to this point. 3. Look at pictures for clues to word meanings.
4. Teacher leads discussion about the word and possible meanings.
5. List “wonderings” on chart.
oscillate – to move back and forth; being indecisive
Inferring Word Meanings –
“Wonderings”
Word What We Think Word Means What Else Do We Know About the Word adventurous independence license famous or exciting word looks like venture
Vocabulary Activities
PREREADING ACTIVITIES
Vocabulary Dramatization
students dramatizing meaning using active, descriptive and emotion words.
– Introduce new vocabulary with
fidget paddled waddled fluffed
Vocabulary Role Play
– After vocabulary dramatization, students create and perform skits using target vocabulary.
Same Premise/Different Circumstance
situation from text that is familiar to students. Students role play what they would in the situation. – Choose common Dewey, M. L. (1994), Flynn, R. N., & Carr, G. A., (1994), Heinig, R. B. (1993), Jett-Simpson, M. (1989), and McMaster, J. C. (1988).
Vocabulary Activities
DURING READING ACTIVITIES
Goals: To actively involve students to make predictions, use background knowledge, and develop inferential comprehension.
“PPT”
Pantomime –
One student narrates and other students silently dramatize action in the story.
Prediction –
At various parts of the story, stop and have students role play what they think will happen next. Students role play characters and answer questions about their actions and what they plan to do next.
Teacher Role Play –
Assume role of a character who faces a major decision. Students try to either persuade or dissuade the character to make this particular decision.
Dewey, M. L. (1994), Flynn, R. N., & Carr, G. A., (1994), Heinig, R. B. (1993), Jett Simpson, M. (1989), and McMaster, J. C. (1988).
Vocabulary Activities
POST READING ACTIVITIES
Vocabulary Charades
– Using vocabulary from the story, students must guess what word is being acted out by the teacher or another student.
Story Drama –
Students act out either whole text or significant events. This can be spontaneous or planned, scripted or unscripted.
Guess My Character
– Students pantomime or role play a character from the story. Others try to identify this character.
Character Interview
– Students role play characters from the story. These characters are questioned by other students in the class.
Mock Trial –
Using courtroom format, determine guilt or innocence of a character. Dewey, M. L. (1994), Flynn, R. N., & Carr, G. A., (1994), Heinig, R. B. (1993), Jett-Simpson, M. (1989), and McMaster, J. C. (1988).
Activities to Promote Vocabulary
Word-Rich Classroom – puzzles, riddles & rhymes, word calendars Wordplay Fab Fifteen (15 min.) - Mini lessons to teach Tier II vocabulary words.
Connect, Teach, Practice, Wrap-Up
Synonym Shakedown (chart displayed) Definition Template Categorizing and Sorting: 8 words put into categories Semantic Maps – Relate word knowledge to comprehension (see poster) Morphology: Study Greek, Latin, and Anglo-Saxon roots and affixes. (Alice Ansara) Jim Trelease , “Reading aloud helps build receptive vocabulary.” Root It Out! Select a root word a week
Definition Template:
hierarchical, categorical, and semantic information related to word’s definition
A _________________ is a ___________ that _____________ and is used for________________.
-Word -Category -Description -Function A
lake
is a
body of water
that is
surrounded
by land and is used to fish
for fishing
.
(MacKinnon, 1993; Stetkevich and Fuhrman, 2013 )
Graphic Organizers
Venn diagrams Semantic maps Line gradations Definition template Vocabulary tree Story Review/Retelling Prewriting
Vocabulary Tree: Synonyms, Antonyms, Examples, Category, and Definition
Multiple Meaning Words
RESOURCES
COBUILD: This dictionary is designed to be read like ordinary English. It was originally developed for English-Language Learners .
Collins COBUILD New Student’s Dictionary,
2 nd ed. (Glasgow, UK: Harper Collins, 2002) Longman: The definitions are written using only the 2000 most common English words.
Longman Dictionary of American English,
3 rd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2005) Fry Instant Words List (Fry, Kress,& Fountoukidis,2004) Living Word Vocabulary (Dale & O’Rourke, 1976) English-Language Learners The General Service List of English Words (West, 1953)
RESOURCES
www.etymonline.com
www.funwords.com
Great online etymology dictionary Explores the English language www.word-detective.com
questions about words Newspaper column that answers www.wordorigins.org
History of word origins website www.u-46.org/roadmap List of academic words www.puzzlemaker.school.discovery.com/ www.eslflow.com/vocabularylessonplans.html
Educators Reference Desk http://www.eduref.org/ Education World©: The Educator’s Best Friend http://www.educationworld.com
Guide to Grammar and Writing: Building a Better Vocabulary http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/vocabulary.htm
Learning Vocabulary Can Be Fun!
http://www.vocabulary.co.il/
RESOURCES
Literacy Matters: Teachers http://www.literacymatters.org/content/readandwrite/vocab.htm
ReadWriteThink www.readwritethink.org
Reading Quest —Strategies for Social Studies http://www.literacymatters.org/content/readandwrite/vocab.htm
Star Tower www.mape.org.uk/startower/menu.html
Teachnology: The Online Teacher Resource —Vocabulary www.teachnology.com/teachers/lesson_plans/language_arts/vocab/ The Teacher’s Desk www.teachersdesk.org/ Vocabulary University® www.vocabulary.com
Wacky World of Words!
http://web.archive.org/web/20041010230510/www3.telus.net/teachwell/ mystpage.htm
Web English Teacher: Vocabulary www.webenglishteacher.com/vocab.html
RESOURCES
GAMES
Apples to Apples Taboo Scattergories Pictionary Outburst Baldersash Password Guesstures
TIER II Words
High Frequency/Academic Vocabulary
accelerate, achieve, adjacent, alternative, analyze, approach, approximate, arbitrary, assert, assess, assign, assume, authorize, automatic, chapter, compensate, complex, complicate, comply, component, comprehend, conceive, concentrate, concept, conclude, consequence, consist, constant, construct, consult, context, contrast, contribute, convert, create, criterion, crucial, data, define, definite demonstrate, denote, derive, design, devise, devote, dimension, distinct, distort, element, emphasize, empirical, ensure, entity, environment, equate, equivalent, establish, evaluate, evident, expand, expose, external, feasible, fluctuate, focus, formulate, function, generate, guarantee, hypothesis, identify, ignore, illustrate, impact, implicit, imply, indicate, individual
RESOURCES
Akhavan, N. (2007).
Accelerated Vocabulary Instruction.
New York: Scholastic.
Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G., and Kucan, L. (2013). New York: Guilford.
Blachowicz, C., Fisher, P., and Ogle, D. (2006). Vocabulary: Questions from the classroom.
Reading Research Quarterly
41(4), pp. 524-535. Elley, W. B. (1989). Vocabulary acquisition from listening to stories.
Reading Research Quarterly
XXIV(2), pp. 175-186. Lubliner, S. (2007). Preparing Teachers to Accelerate Students’ Vocabulary Acquisition. CSU Reading Conference. Trelease, J. (1993). Read all about it. New York: Penguin.
“
The best S.A.T. prep course is to read to your children when they're little,“ Jim Trelease.