Transcript What was Nixon’s name for his supporters?

What Supreme Court decision made
segregation legal?
Plessy v. Ferguson
What organization, founded by WEB
Dubois, fought school segregation
in the courts?
NAACP
Give an example of a Jim Crow
Law.
separate facilities, curfews,
separate workplaces
How did WWII serve as a catalyst
for the Civil Rights Movement?
blacks fought and died for U.S. then
came home to discrimination
Why was it such a big deal that
Jackie Robinson played baseball?
it was America’s past time,
everybody paid attention
What decision reversed Plessy?
Brown vs. the Board of Ed.
(Topeka, KS)
Who was chosen to lead the
Montgomery Bus boycott?
What was the key principle of his
strategy to end segregation?
Martin Luther King Jr.
non-violence/passive resistance
(from Gandhi & Thoreau)
What organization was founded by
King & other ministers in 1957?
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC)
How did President Eisenhower
support the integration of Central
High School in Little Rock?
Sent in National Guard troops to
keep the peace and protect the
students
What was SNCC? What was their
first big action in the movement?
The Student Non-Violent
Coordinating Committee, Sit Ins at
segregated lunch counters (1960)
What was the goal of the Freedom
Riders (1961)? What challenges did
they face?
Integrate bus terminals and take
the movement to the deep South;
faced bombings, beatings, arrests,
etc.
Why was JFK reluctant to fully
support the Freedom Riders?
He was afraid of America looking
bad on the world scene (Cold War
tension with the Soviets, didn’t
want bad publicity)
Why was Birmingham (AL) Police
Commissioner Bull Connor so
infamous?
Symbol of white resistance and
oppression; ordered use of police
dogs & fire hoses on protestors in
Birmingham
What did the SCLC do to expose
Bull Connor’s tactics in 1963? What
happened to MLK there?
Marches in Birmingham, he was put
in jail where he wrote “Letter from
a Birmingham Jail” saying he
would be an “extremist in the
cause of morality”
What was the purpose of the March
on Washington in 1963? What
famous speech was given there?
pressure for Civil Rights Legislation,
MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech
What legislation came out of this
pressure?
Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting
Rights Act of 1965
What was the focus of the 1964
Mississippi Summer Project? Was it
successful?
increase # of black voters in
Mississippi in order to boost
political participation; yes
Give an example of a Black
Separatist Organization. Where was
separatism & militancy more
rampant among blacks?
Black Panthers, Nation of Islam
More rampant in Northern Cities
What did Malcolm X say blacks
should reject? Embrace?
self hatred imposed on them by
white culture; the beauty and
strength of their Black culture
Name two demands of the Black
Panthers.
full employment, self determination,
blacks should not serve in
Vietnam, decent housing, better
education
Who fled the inner cities for the
suburbs after WWII? What did they
take with them?
middle class whites; tax dollars
needed for social services – which
left inner cities in tough shape
Name two places riots broke out in
response to poor conditions in the
cities.
Watts (1965) Newark and Detroit
(1967)
What was the SCLC’s final campaign
under the direction of MLK?
Poor People’s Campaign – focused
on poverty and working conditions
of poor (working on this when he
was assassinated)
What was John Kennedy’s plan for
America called? What were two of
its major goals?
New Frontier, reinvigorate the
United States & continue the
triumph of capitalism Space Race
(NASA, Peace Corps, Civil Rights)
What was Lyndon Johnson’s plan
for the United States called? What
were two of its goals?
Great Society, eliminate poverty,
improve civil rights & provide
health care (we got Medicare,
Medicaid, Civil Rights Legislation
and AFDC out of this)
What was AIM? What were two of
their demands?
American Indian Movement;
treaties upheld, original land back,
better education, equal rights
What was NOW? What were two
issues they focused on?
National Organization for Women,
equal pay, equal rights, sexual
discrimination in the work place
What union focused on improving
wages and working conditions for
Latino farm workers? Who was it’s
leader?
United Farm Workers (UFW); Cesar
Chavez
Who did the Vietnamese originally
fight for their independence after
WWII? Who led their fight for
independence and became leader of
North Vietnam?
France; Ho Chi Minh
Who did the U.S. install as the
leader of South Vietnam in the late
1950s? How was he received by the
South Vietnamese?
Ngo Dinh Diem, poorly – much
protest (monks immolating
themselves)
What theory proposed that if South
Vietnam fell to Communism, the
rest of SE Asia would soon follow?
domino theory
What were the southern
sympathizers of the communist
North called? Were they easy to
identify?
Viet Cong or NLF; no – there was
no sure way to identify them
What act of Congress gave LBJ the
power to “use any means
necessary” in Vietnam in 1964?
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Which president oversaw our
escalation of the conflict? Who’s
policies was he following?
LBJ, JFK’s
What program was started to win
over the hearts and minds of the
South Vietnamese and clear rural
areas of VC?
Pacification
Why did the US decide to defoliate
the jungles of Vietnam? How did
they do it?
To try and take away the guerilla
warfare advantage enjoyed by the
VC; napalm & agent orange
List two ways combat conditions in
Vietnam were unlike those soldiers
had prepared for.
jungle, traps & guerrilla tactics,
heat & rain, unknown enemy
What impact did the 1968 Tet
Offensive have on public opinion
about the war? Why?
turned many against it, showed that
the VC and North Vietnamese
were still strong and willing to
fight
Why were there huge anti-war
protests at the 1968 Democratic
National Convention? What were
the protest leaders called?
After Robert Kennedy was
assassinated anti-war people
feared the ongoing escalation of
the war; Chicago 7
What goal did Nixon claim to be
pursuing in the Vietnam War?
Peace with Honor
What was “vietnamization”?
Nixon’s plan for turning the war
over to the South Vietnamese
Name one factor that made our
involvement in Vietnam so
controversial.
Question of just cause, high cost ($
& lives), impatience with lack of
progress, it was all there on TV
What effect did the draft have on
public support for the Vietnam War?
Name two ways people tried to
avoid the draft.
The draft led to increased protest
against the war; go to college,
start a family, self inflicted wound,
act crazy, or flee to Canada after
you got drafted
What event immediately preceded the
fall of South Vietnam? What was the
fate of many South Vietnamese families
who supported the U.S.?
full withdrawal of U.S. troops,
became refugees
What was the name of the quiet
group that wanted law & order &
supported the war?
silent majority
Who were the Hawks? Who were
the Doves?
Americans who supported the war,
Americans who opposed it
What minority groups were overrepresented in the troops in
Vietnam?
Blacks and Hispanics
What brought an end to draft
deferments for students and married
people in 1969? How did this effect the
war protest movement?
draft lottery; ramped up protest
movement
What documents, printed in the NY
Times in 1971, exposed the truth
about U.S. plans for Vietnam?
Pentagon Papers
Why did the U.S. attack Cambodia
and Laos in 1970? What was the
response in the United States?
there were bases for the VC and
NVA, massive protests (students
killed at Kent State & Jackson
State)
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What did the
Amendment do?
Who did this favor in the election of
1972?
Lowered voting age to 18, George
McGovern (he was an anti-war
candidate favored by the young)
What tactic did Nixon use to try and
force the Vietnamese to the
bargaining table?
increased bombing, especially the
Christmas bombings of 1972
What two powerful nations did
Nixon visit to play against each
other in the early 1970s?
China and the USSR
What were the two main planks of
Nixon’s platform in 1968?
law & order and an honorable
peace in Vietnam
Who gets power returned to them
under Nixon’s “New Federalism”?
the states
What is détente?
the lessening of Cold War tensions
between the U.S. & Soviet Union
in the 1970s
What product did we sell to the
Soviets in an effort to improve
relations during the 1970s?
grain
What treaties between the U.S. &
USSR helped reduce the number of
ICBMs and other strategic
weapons?
SALT I & II
Who kept the Watergate story hot
in the press during 1972 and
increased public pressure for the
investigation?
Woodward & Bernstein
What did Alexander Butterfield
reveal to Ervin’s Senate committee
in 6/73?
that Nixon taped his conversations
What was the Saturday Night
Massacre? How did it make Nixon
look?
Nixon fired two people in the justice
department before he found one
to fire Cox, guilty
Why did Nixon eventually decide to
release transcripts of the tapes?
How did they make him look?
thought they would clear him, foul
mouthed & evil
How did Watergate change the way
Americans viewed the Presidency?
lost faith in the office
Who took over for Spiro Agnew as
Vice President? Why did Agnew
resign?
Gerald Ford, Agnew took bribes
when he was governor of
Maryland
Which of Ford’s early actions
shocked the nation?
pardon of Nixon for Watergate
What is OPEC? How did they start
an energy crisis in the U.S. in 1973?
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries, embargo on oil (ArabIsraeli War)
What did the “Steel Belt” become in
the late 1970s? Why?
Rust Belt; plant closings, layoffs,
towns shutting down (U.S.
economy did not respond well to
oil shortages)
What is stagflation? When did it hit
the U.S.?
a combination of inflation and a
stagnant economy, late-1970s
What were two key attributes that
helped Jimmy Carter get elected
President in 1976?
Open & honest, Washington
outsider, humble background
Identify one way in which Carter
tried to demonstrate he was a man
of the people.
walked down PA Ave after
inauguration, no heat in White
House, meet with all kinds of
Americans
What was Carter’s biggest foreign
policy triumph?
Camp David Accords (1977 peace
agreement between Israel and
Egypt)
Identify an action taken by Carter
early in his Presidency that was
controversial with many Americans.
Gave amnesty to draft dodgers,
turned canal back over to Panama
Why did Iranian students take U.S.
embassy personnel hostage in
1979?
wanted Shah returned to Iran for
trial
What did followers of the Ayatollah
Khomeini call the U.S.? Why?
the Great Satan, believed Western
influence was corrupting their
nation (& Islam)
Identify two ways that Carter
responded the the 1979 Soviet
Invasion of Afghanistan.
grain embargo, ended SALT talks,
boycotted 1980 Olympics in
Moscow
Identify three of the major
problems Carter faced in his effort
to get re-elected in 1980.
Afghanistan, Iran Hostage Crisis,
Bad Economy & Energy Crisis
What 1980 presidential candidate
promised to restore pride and
prestige to the presidency and the
country?
Ronald Reagan
How did Reagan try to bring about
the downfall of the USSR?
huge military buildup – “spend the
Soviets to their graves”
Who was favored by the policy of
Reaganomics? How?
upper class Americans; they
received tax cuts and then were
supposed to spend & invest more
to benefit the whole economy
What were three of the major social
crises of the 1980’s?
Decline of the inner-cities, crack
cocaine, AIDS
What were the key issues dividing
liberals and conservatives in the
1980’s? Why did Reagan play these
issues up?
gun control, abortion, the death
penalty, school prayer, the ERA; to
win votes from Evangelical
Christians
What were some of the key
characteristics of the U.S.’ economy
through the 1980’s?
growing technology sector,
corporate raiders/speculation in
real estate, junk bonds
What was congress’ position on
funding the Nicaraguan Contras
(who fought the socialist
government) in 1983?
against it
What was our gov’t hoping for help
with from the Iranians in exchange for
selling them weapons in the early
1980s? Where did the money go?
freeing our hostages in Lebanon;
money went to fund Contras
Who was the scapegoat for the Iran
Contra Affair?
Oliver North – Marine colonel who
took full blame
Which one of Pres. H.W. Bush’s
supreme court nominees brought the
issue of sexual harassment to the
country’s attention?
Clarence Thomas
Who was Manuel Noriega?
the drug dealing dictator of Panama
that Bush had to have captured
and arrested
What was the Savings and Loan
scandal of the late 1980’s?
several U.S. senators were protecting
the interests of S&L chiefs who were
losing big bucks – gov’t had to bail
them out
What was Pres. H.W. Bush’s biggest
foreign policy achievement? Why
did some people criticize him for it?
Persian Gulf War, failure to
completely remove Saddam
Hussein from power
What kinds of issues did Bill Clinton
focus his campaign on in the 1992
election? What third party candidate
helped him by taking votes from
Bush?
Economic (“It’s the economy,
Stupid!”), Ross Perot
What were some of the big issues
Clinton tried to take on right from
the start of his presidency? What
was public reaction?
Healthcare Reform and Gays in the
Military; issues were controversial
and public opinion turned against
him
What significant change took place
in Congress after the 1994 Midterm
Elections?
A “Republican Revolution” based on
their “Contract With America”
(backlash against Clinton)
Identify two of the scandals Clinton
faced during his Presidency? What
action did Congress take against
him?
Whitewater, Paula Jones, Monica
Lewinsky; House Impeached him
(Senate found him not guilty in
1999)
What two issues were hotly debated
in CA during the 1990s (there were
ballot props passed on each of
them)?
Illegal Immigration (187) and
Affirmative Action (209)
What sector drove the booming
economy of the late 1990s?
technology (initial growth of the
internet – every one thought
internet commerce would explode)
How did the 2000 Presidential
Election finally end?
The Supreme Court ordered an end
to the Florida recounts, which
made W. Bush the winner of FL
and therefore the election
Prior to 9/11/01, what were some
of George W. Bush’s priorities?
deregulation, education reform, tax
cuts for upper classes &
corporations
Identify at least two of the major
changes, other than War, that came
about following 9/11.
Patriot Act (limits on civil liberties),
TSA, Guantanamo Prison
What was the primary reason for
going to war in Afghanistan after
9/11?
It was seen as the breeding ground
for Islamic extremism and antiAmerican terrorists
Why did we go to war in Iraq in
March, 2003?
Bush Administration was convinced
they had a stockpile of WMDs they
were prepared to use against the
U.S., grew impatient with UN
inspectors