Transcript 1990’s and Beyond - Galena Park Independent School District

1970’s Domestic Policies
• Domestic: pertaining to a person’s country, policies/events inside a
country - opposite of foreign
Chicano Movement
• Chicano Movement (1960’s/1970’s)
• Mexican Americans who fought for civil rights.
• Painted murals on buildings to represent culture/pride
• Staged protests for equal treatment
•
• Cesar Chavez/Delores Huerta formed a worker union to bargain for
better pay/working conditions
• La Raza Unida political party helped elect Latino candidates
The Chicano Movement
• Mexican Americans, aka Chicanos, faced
discrimination, racism, and exploitation
in 1960s America.
• A Chicano Movement emerged with its
focus on rights for farm workers, as well
as voting and political rights.
• Hector P. Garcia, a WW II veteran,
became a Civil Rights leader when he
noticed that Mexican Americans were
often barred from restaurants, voting,
hospitals, swimming pools, and limited
employment opportunities.
Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta
• Cesar Chavez organized migrant farm
workers in California.
• Chavez supported farm worker rights and
demanded increased wages and better
working conditions.
• Chavez led migrant workers in a non-violent
boycott by refusing to pick grapes.
• Dolores Huerta joined with Chavez to form
the United Farm Workers (UFW) to gain
increased rights.
• Huerta later worked for women’s rights,
immigration reform, and the environment.
The Chicano Mural
Movement
• Mexican Americans expressed
themselves through their art.
• Using Mexican artist Diego Rivera
as a model, they began painting
murals in barrios throughout the
Southwest U.S..
• The Chicano Mural Movement
became an important way to
support identity and justice in
Mexican American communities.
• Murals provided a visual for those
who often lacked representation.
Environment and conservation
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1970
• Govt agency which sets pollution standards, conducts research.
•
• Earth Day (April 22, 1970) – celebrated every year to bring
environmental awareness.
• Endangered Species Act – 1973 – protects endangered species from
extinction
• Govt made laws protecting parts of Alaska from oil drilling, etc.
Nixon and the Environment
• Environmental Protection Agency, or
the EPA was signed into law by Pres.
Nixon to protect the environment.
• EPA sets air and water pollution
standards.
• Endangered Species Act (1973) –
a
law requiring the Fish & Wildlife
Service to list species of plants and
animals that are threatened with
extinction.
• The Act also requires the government
to protect these species.
Title IX (Title 9) – 1972
• Requires gender equality for boys and girls in every educational
program that gets federal funding.
• Applies to sports, educational programs, learning environment, etc.
Title IX
• Title IX banned sex discrimination in
educational facilities.
• Title IX promoted gender equality
guaranteeing girls the same
opportunities as boys.
• Before Title IX, only 1 in 27 girls
played a varsity high school sport, by
2001 this had risen to 1 in 2.5.
• Before Title IX, more men attended
college than women, today there are
more women than men in colleges.
Watergate Scandal
• 2 reporters from Washington Post uncovered scandal using a secret
source known as “Deep Throat”.
• Nixon refused to release secret tape recordings.
• Nixon does eventually release recordings, but parts are missing.
• Senate moves to impeach Nixon.
• Nixon resign presidency in 1974.
The Watergate Crisis
• In 1972, former CIA agents, working
for Nixon’s re-election committee
were caught breaking into the
headquarters of the Democratic Party
in the Watergate complex in
Washington, D.C..
• Two investigative reporters exposed
the link between Nixon and the
Watergate burglars.
• Pres. Nixon attempted to cover up the
investigation on the grounds that it
involved national security.
The Watergate Crisis
• A Special Prosecutor was appointed to look
for wrongdoing.
• Under oath, a Nixon aide stated Nixon was
a part of the Watergate cover-up.
• Nixon had recorded all of his White House
conversations and the Senate wanted to
listen to them, but Nixon refused claiming
executive privilege.
• Nixon claimed if he turned over the tapes it
would lead to Judicial control over the
Executive branch, violating the separation
of powers of the Constitution.
The Watergate Crisis
• United States v. Nixon (1974) – the
Supreme Court ordered Nixon to turn
over the tapes, proving that no one is
above the law.
• When the ‘Nixon Tapes’ were released,
they revealed Nixon had lied about his
involvement in a cover-up and had
even deleted portions of tapes.
• The House of Representatives moved to
impeach (remove from office) Nixon.
• Fearing removal from office, Nixon
became the 1st President to resign.
The Impact of Watergate!!!
First time a President resigned!
Lowered pubic confidence in the
government, again…. (LBJ – Vietnam)
Showed Presidential power gave
opportunity for abuses.
Proved our government is based on
laws and the system of check &
balances works.
Strengthened role of the press in
informing public. (muckraking)
Congress passed new laws to limit
Presidential powers.
Economic Discrimination
• Community reinvestment act of 1977
• Requires banks/other financial institutions to provide loans to lowand moderate-income neighborhoods in a safe and sound condition.
• Purpose was to make credit available to poor and middle class
people.
Affirmative Action (1960’s – present)
• JFK and LBJ started it in the 1960s
• Policy of taking race, color, religion, sex, or national origin into
account when making decisions to hire or accept people.
• Designed to make universities/businesses more diverse.
Affirmative Action, 1965
• 1965, LBJ signs Executive Order requiring
employers with the federal government to
take positive steps to increase minority
employees, later women were added.
• Affirmative Action programs increased
number of minorities in colleges and
businesses, but some said this was a form of
reverse discrimination.
• In “Regents of U. of California v. Bakke”, the
Supreme Court upheld affirmative action, but
not use of racial quotas.
1970’s Foreign Policy
Nixon Détente
• Nixon’s plan to ease
tensions with Cold War
enemies
• Henry Kissinger was
Nixon’s national security
advisor and later
secretary of state
Nixon Détente
• Realpolitik (realistic politics)—basing foreign policies on
what’s best for the country instead of on broad rules or
principles like the Truman Doctrine
• The goal of détente was to build a more stable world in
which the United States and its adversaries accepted one
another’s place.
The Soviet Union
• 1969 - Nixon began talks with the Soviet Union in
order to slow the arms race Strategic Arms
Limitations Talks (SALT)
• Both nations had increased their number of
weapons and made innovations in weapons
technology (Ex. antiballistic missiles, or ABMs).
China
• Nixon wanted to improve relations with the
Communist People’s Republic of China.
• His efforts were done secretly
• Nixon visited China in 1972 to establish diplomatic
relations
Supporting Israel (1948-present)
• May 1948
United Nations
creates nation of
Israel for Jewish
people, displacing
Palestinians who
were living there
• Arab nations
attacked Israel
immediately, but
U.S. helped Israel
Supporting Israel (1948-present)
• 6 day war (1967)Israel gains land by fighting
Arab neighbors.
• Yom Kippur War (1973)Israel defends lands
against Syria and Egypt. U.S. airlifts supplies and
weapons.
• U.S has close relationship with Israel today
OPEC Embargo 1973
• When U.S. helped Israel in Yom Kippur War, the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) imposed an embargo(ban) on oil to the U.S.
• Caused inflation in the U.S. led to recession
• Embargo lifted in 1974
General Agreement on Trade and
Tariffs (GATT) 1949-1993
• Signed in 1947 by about 150 countries.
• Purpose was to eliminate trade barriers and
reduce tariffs between nations
• 8 rounds of talks from 1947-1994
• Replaced by World Trade Organization (WTO)
Camp David Accords 1977
• 1st peace treaty between Israel and an Arab state
• President Carter negotiated treaty at Camp David
• Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, Egypt
recognized Israel as a country.
Iran Hostage Crisis 1979
• 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini overthrows the Shah
(king) and creates a strict Muslim govt.
• Shah comes to U.S. for cancer treatment, Iran
students take U.S. hostages at embassy in Iran
Iran Hostage Crisis 1979
• President Carter refuses to send back Shah,
hostages held for 2 years
• Hostages released when Reagan becomes president
but no diplomatic relations between Iran and U.S.
today
The 1980’s &
The Conservative Movement
Conservatism:
*Favoring traditional views and values
*Tending to oppose change
Ronald Reagan
• 40th president
• Born: February 6, 1911
• Died: June 5, 2004
• Party: Republican
• Served: 1981-1989
Reagan’s Domestic Policies
• Reagan’s economic policies included:
• Reaganomics- cut government spending on
social programs and lowered taxes
• Increased military spending to develop a
defense system to keep Americans safe
from enemy missiles
Reagan’s Domestic Policies
• Heritage Foundation- leading Conservative American
research organization (think-tank)
• Principles include: form and promote
conservative public policies based on
• free enterprise
• limited government
• individual freedom
• traditional American values
• strong national defense
• Mandate for Leadership – book published in 1981 advocated for
limited government; offered specific recommendations on policy,
budget and administrative action for all Cabinet departments.
Reagan’s Domestic Policies
• Deregulation- reducing the power of the federal government
• Removed price controls on oil and gas
• Ended gov’t regulation of savings and loan industry
• Reduced environmental budget of EPA
Reagan’s Foreign Policies
• “Peace through Strength”- is a conservative slogan,
turned policy, to create military strength through
peaceful international relations
• Marines in Lebanon- Americans were killed by a
suicide bombing during the Lebanese Civil War
• The organization Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for
the bombing, a group that would later become part of
Hezbollah receiving help from the Islamic Republic of Iran
• Attack on the American Marines barracks, the death toll
was 241 American servicemen: 220 Marines, 18 Navy
personnel and three Army soldiers, along with sixty
Americans injured, representing the deadliest single-day
death toll for the United States Marine Corps since the
Battle of Iwo Jima of World War II
Reagan’s Foreign Policies
• Iran – Contra Affair- was a political scandal in 1986 in
which officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms
to Iran
• an operation to improve U.S.-Iranian relations
• officials hoped that the arms sales would secure the
release of hostages and allow U.S. intelligence
agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras
• The plan was that Israel would ship weapons to
group of Iranians, and then the U.S. would resupply
Israel and receive the Israeli payment.
• The Iranian recipients promised to do everything in
their power to achieve the release of six U.S.
hostages, who were being held by the
Lebanese Shia Islamist group Hezbollah.
Key Organizations &
Individuals during
the Conservative 1980’s
• Phyllis Schlaflyconservative activist
known for her
opposition to feministic
ideas and for her
ongoing campaign
against the proposed
Equal Rights
Amendment (ERA)
Key Organizations &
Individuals during
the Conservative 1980’s
• Moral Majority- political organization which had an agenda of
evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. It was founded in
1979 by Jerry Falwell and dissolved in the late 1980s.
• Guided by television preachers
• Interpreted the Bible literally
• Believed in absolute standards of right and wrong
Key Organizations &
Individuals during
the Conservative 1980’s
• National Rifle Association
(NRA)- organization which
goals include the protection
of the Second
Amendment and the
promotion of firearm
ownership rights.
• endorsed Reagan as
presidential candidate in 1980
for the first time
1990’s and Beyond
Foreign Policy
1990’s----End of Cold War
• 1985- Gorbachev becomes leader of Soviet Union.
• Reforms/Cut in military spending
• Collapse of the Soviet Union
Persian Gulf War
• January 16, 1991
• Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invaded Kuwait
• Iraq wants Kuwait’s oil
• President Bush launched Operation Desert Storm
• UN & Congressional supported attack
• Feb 28, 1991, Bush announced a cease-fire.
• Kuwait was free
Balkans Crisis
• Serbian rebels killed Bosnians….Ethnic cleansing
• US gets involved to stop ethnic cleansing through NATO
• Significant progress has been made in the restoration of BosniaHerzegovina by the U.S. and other countries, including a sharp
decrease in inter-ethnic violence
Domestic Policy
Contract with America
• Republican plan for political reform
• Opposed President Clinton
Rust Belt to Sunbelt Migration
• Large population in the North and East (Rust Belt) b/c of
factory jobs.
• 1989 factory jobs were being cut
• People migrated to the South and West (Sunbelt)
• Gov’t incentives- Non-union labor, tax breaks, less expensive
land, weather, cheaper to live.
• Atlanta, D.C, Houston, Miami, Dallas, Norfolk, and Orlando
NAFTA
• North American Free Trade Agreement
• 1994, led by Clinton
• Free trade w/ US, Mexico, and Canada
Bill Clinton’s Impeachment
• Clinton lied under oath about an improper relationship with a White
House intern
• House approved 2 articles of Impeachment (perjury before a grand
jury and obstruction of justice)
• Senate trial in 1999 failed to convict
• Clinton remained in office
• 2nd U.S president to be Impeached (Andrew Johnson was the 1st)
Election of 2000
• Al Gore (Dem) Vs. George W. Bush (Rep)
• Florida controversy
• Manuel recount….hanging chads
• Bush won presidency
9/11
• September 11, 2001
• US attacked by Terrorist
• 4 planes, 2 hit world trade center, 1 hit the pentagon, 1 landed in a
field in Penn
• 125 died in the Pentagon
• 3000 in NYC
War on Terror
• Enemy: Osama bin Laden, leader of Al Qaeda
• Islamic Fundamentalists called the Taliban
• Massive military attack on Afghanistan
• Iraq—Weapons of mass destruction ??
USA Patriot Act of 2001
• Permitted extensive telephone and
e-mail surveillance of suspected terrorists
• Detention and deportation of immigrants suspected of terrorism
• Reduced restrictions on law enforcement agencies
Levy failure in NOLA (Katrina)
• August 2005
• 50 levy failures
• Flooding in 85% of N.O…..10ft or more of water.
• Investigations disagree over fault
2008 Presidential Election
• Barack Obama (DEM) vs.
John McCain (REP)
• Obama won becoming the
first African American U.S.
President
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
of 2009
• ARRA
• Known as The Stimulus or The Recovery Act
• Economic Stimulus enacted in 2009
• Create jobs, promote investment, and increase
consumer spending during the recession.