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MEASURING THE FOOD SAFETY OF YOUR SCHOOL FOOD OPERATION PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Dr. Lydia Johnson Chapter 1 An Overview Chapter 2 The Inspection Chapter 3 Food Borne Illness: Causes and Prevention Chapter 4 Safe Purchasing, Storage, Preparation and Service Chapter 5 Good Practice Chapter 6: Conclusions CHAPTER 1 AN OVERVIEW An Overview The Pennsylvania Department of Agricultures Role in the Process: Regulatory & Education THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF FOOD SAFETY & LABS The Bureau has four divisions: Food Safety Milk Sanitation Laboratory Services Eggs, Fruits & Vegetables. THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE • Approximately 29,740 public eating and drinking place facilities are licensed and require yearly inspections under Act 369, Public Eating & Drinking Places. • An additional 2500 re-inspections are conducted yearly on non-compliant facilities. • 370 Organized camps licensed by the PA • 2,842 schools are inspected by Food Sanitarians, and are required under USDA regulations to have two inspections per year; resulting in 5,684 inspections required yearly. • 300 Summer Food Service Sites (for children) through the PA DOE are inspected yearly. THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF FOOD SAFETY & LABS • Quarterly inspections of the 98 certified shellfish facilities – 396 yearly - are conducted to allow for interstate shipment. • Approximately 4500 frozen dessert licenses are issued and Food Sanitarians conduct inspections on an “as needed” basis when firms have non-compliant microbiological counts and has averaged 1500 per year in recent years. • Food Sanitarians investigate food vehicle accidents related to food, and average 100 per year. Emergency situations, such as floods, fires, or water potability, are investigated and average 500 inspections yearly. • In calendar year 2007, the Division ordered 200 closures of food facilities, and had food disposals of over 1,400,000 lbs of food valued at nearly $900,000. • The Division performs investigative inspections of food safety consumer complaints and all reported potential food-borne illnesses averaging approximately 1250 yearly. Schools Include High Risk Population Currently, 20-25 percent of the population is in a high-risk category (i.e., young, older, pregnant, immune-compromised) Young children and infants are at a higher risk for food-borne illness and disease because their immune systems have not fully developed to protect them from harmful bacteria and viruses. But we’ve ALWAYS done it this way! We’ve never made anyone sick! Food Borne Illnesses EACH YEAR IN THE UNITED STATES: 76 Million Foodborne Illnesses 325,000 Hospitalizations 5,000 Deaths CHAPTER 2 THE PDA INSPECTION REPORT Food Facility Inspection Report PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 2301 N CAMERON ST HARRISBURG, PA 17110 Phone: (717) 787-4737 No. of Risk Factor/Intervention Violations 1 Date 01/08/20 08 No. of Repeat Risk Factor/Intervention Violations 0 Time In 09:00 AM IN Time Out 10:30 PM Overall Compliance Status Food Facility Registration # R038280 Address City/State Zip Code Telephone 29 COMFORT INN LN MILL HALL, PA 17751-9097 (570) 726-49 Owner Purpose of Inspection License Type Risk Category Regular Permanent E&D High PDA INSPECTION REPORT • Risk factors are improper practices or procedures identified as the most prevalent contributing factors of food-borne illness or injury. Public Health Interventions are control measures to prevent food-borne illness or injury. (first 27 items) PDA INSPECTION REPORT • FOODBORNE ILLNESS RISK FACTORS AND PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS • IN=in compliance • OUT=not in compliance • N/O=not observed • N/A=not applicable • COS=corrected on-site during inspection • R=repeat violation PDA INSPECTION REPORT Demonstration of Knowledge • Certification by accredited program, compliance with Code, or correct responses Employee Health • Management awareness; policy present • Proper use of reporting; restriction & exclusion Good Hygienic Practices • Proper eating, tasting, drinking, or tobacco use • No discharge from eyes, nose, and mouth PDA INSPECTION REPORT Preventing Contamination by Hazards Hands clean & properly washed No bare hand contact with RTE foods or approved alternate method properly followed Adequate hand-washing facilities supplied & accessible PDA INSPECTION REPORT Approved Source Food obtained from approved source Food received at proper temperature Food in good condition, safe, & unadulterated Required records available: shell-stock tags, parasite destruction PDA INSPECTION REPORT Protection From Contamination • Food separated & protected • Food-contact surfaces: cleaned & sanitized • Proper disposition of returned, previously served, reconditioned, & unsafe food PDA INSPECTION REPORT Potentially Hazardous Food Time/Temperature Proper cooking time & temperature Proper reheating procedures for hot holding Proper cooling time & temperature Proper hot holding temperature Proper cold holding temperature Proper date marking & disposition Time as a public health control; procedures & record PDA INSPECTION REPORT Consumer Advisory Consumer advisory provided for raw or undercooked foods Highly Susceptible Population Pasteurized foods used; prohibited foods not offered Chemical Food additives: approved & properly used Toxic substances properly identified, stored & used Conformance with Approved Procedure Compliance with variance, specialized process, & HACCP plan PDA INSPECTION REPORT GOOD RETAIL PRACTICES • Good Retail Practices are preventative measures to control the addition of pathogens, chemicals, and physical objects into foods. PDA INSPECTION REPORT Safe Food and Water • Pasteurized eggs used where required • Water & ice from approved source • Variance obtained for specialized processing methods PDA INSPECTION REPORT • • • • Food Temperature Control Proper cooling methods used; adequate equipment for temperature control Plant food properly cooked for hot holding Approved thawing methods used Thermometer provided & accurate PDA INSPECTION REPORT Food Identification • Food properly labeled; original container PDA INSPECTION REPORT • • • • • Prevention of Food Contamination Insects, rodents & animals not present; no unauthorized persons Contamination prevented during food preparation, storage & display Personal cleanliness Wiping cloths: properly used & stored Washing fruit & vegetables PDA INSPECTION REPORT Proper Use of Utensils • In-use utensils: properly stored • Utensils, equipment & linens: properly stored, dried & handled • Single-use & single-service articles: properly stored & used • Gloves used properly PDA INSPECTION REPORT Utensils, Equipment and Vending • Food & non-food contact surfaces cleanable, properly designed, constructed, & used • Ware-washing facilities: installed, maintained, & used; test strips • Non-food contact surfaces clean PDA INSPECTION REPORT • • • • • • • Physical Facilities Hot & cold water available; adequate pressure Plumbing installed; proper backflow devices Sewage & waste water properly disposed Toilet facilities: properly constructed, supplied, & cleaned Garbage & refuse properly disposed; facilities maintained Physical facilities installed, maintained, & clean Adequate ventilation & lighting; designated areas used Chapter 3 FOOD-BORNE ILLNESS Causes and Prevention Foodborne Illness: Causes Hazards: harmful substances that when found in food can cause foodborne illness Chemical Physical Biological Chemical Hazards Detergents Sanitizers Chemical Pesticides Naturally occurring fish or plants toxins Medications Chemical Hazards • • • • Original containers Label and storage of chemicals Usage of pesticides Toxins 1. Do not use wild mushrooms 2. Purchase fish & seafood from approved vendors Physical Hazards Pests Glass Plastic Physical Toothpick Metal False fingernails Jewelry Hair Figure 2.1 Biological Hazards Bacteria Pathogens Viruses Parasites Microorganisms Spoilage Organisms Foodborne Illness Fungi Unpleasant smell and taste How Do They Get There? Found on raw foods and Added during handling Biological Hazards Bacteria Viruses Biological Parasites Fungi BACTERIA Bacterial Spores Bacterial Toxins Foodborne Pathogens See Smell Taste ood Bacteria require nutrients to grow • Proteins • Carbohydrates Figure 2.3 Bacterial Growth 1 20 minutes 40 minutes 4 hours bacterium = = = 2 bacteria 4 bacteria 4096 bacteria 8 hours = 17 million bacteria 12 hours = 68 billion bacteria If the temperature is right, 1 bacteria may become 68 billion bacteria within 12 hours cidity Acidic Neutral Alkaline |-----------------|--------------|-pH 0 pH 7 Lemons/ Limes 1.8-2.4 PHFs > 4.6 Egg yolks 6.0-6.3 Ham 5.9-6.1 Mayonnaise 3.8-4.0 Raw chicken 5.5-6.4 pH 14 ime It takes both time & temperature for bacteria to grow: 0 minutes = 1 bacterial cell 20 minutes = 2 bacterial cells 40 minutes = 4 bacterial cells 12 hours = > 68 billion cells emperature “Temperature Danger Zone” = above 41F to below 135F Bacteria grow best in the TDZ Keep food out of the TDZ oisture Bacteria need moisture to grow xygen Bacteria have different oxygen requirements for growth • Some need oxygen to grow • Some grow only when oxygen is absent • Some can grow with or without oxygen Stop Bacterial Growth Time and Temperature Viruses Need a living host Parasites Need a living host Parasites Microorganisms & Illness No m/o’s Thousands of m/o’s Millions of m/o’s Generally, as the number of microorganisms increase, the likelihood of illness increases Susceptible People No m/o’s 10-100 m/o’s 10-100 m/o’s As few as 10 - 100 microorganisms can make some people ill or very sick How long does it take? Depending on the type of foodborne illness, symptoms may occur within ½ hour to 50 days after ingesting the food Infection Intoxication Toxin-mediated infection Conditions That Lead to Foodborne Illness Time-temperature abuse Cross-contamination Poor personal hygiene Fungi Mold & Yeast CHAPTER 4: Safe Purchasing, Storage, Preparation and Service Receiving Food Liquid, frozen and dry eggs and egg products shall only be pasteurized. Food packages should be in good condition (not ripped or open) and should protect the food so that it is not exposed to potential contaminants. All food received into the kitchen should have the receiving temperature recorded on log sheets with date and time before storing. All foods received should be visually checked for package integrity, insect and rodent activity before placement into storage. Receiving Food Refrigerated, potentially hazardous food (PHF) should be at 41F or below when arriving at the kitchen. If food is received from that main cafeteria and transported to a satellite school, PHF that is cooked and served hot to students should be 135F or above when arriving at the satellite schools. Food that is labeled frozen and shipped frozen by a food processing plant should be frozen when it arrives at the kitchen. When PHF arrives, check that the food does not show signs of previous temperature abuse (keeping food out of proper temperature for a period of time). A Clean Kitchen All food contact surfaces must be washed, rinsed and sanitized. Wash: Wash dishes, utensils, cookware, cutting boards, appliances, equipment, and cooking surfaces with hot, soapy water to remove visible soil. A Clean Kitchen Rinse: Thoroughly rinse off soap and film. Sanitize: Utilize an approved sanitizer, mixed according to manufacturer direction and using the appropriate water temperature, to sanitize all equipment. Chlorine, Quaternary Ammonia, and Iodine are all approve food contact sanitizers. (See Sanitizing Equipment) Drying: Air dry only. Do not wipe dry. Do not stack or wet net dishes. Refrigeration KEEP COLD FOODS AT 41F or BELOW! Immediately cool hot food leftovers at or below 41F. Place food in shallow containers or divide food into smaller containers to quickly cool foods. Covers are not necessary while cooling. Once cooled to 41F or below, then cover or wrap the product. Store raw food products below cooked foods or foods that will not be cooked. Cover foods to help protect from cross-contamination. Freezers Freezers must be maintained such that foods remain in a frozen state. Frozen food should be placed in freezer storage immediately after delivery and inspected if not being used that day. If the food is to be used or prepared that day, food should be kept frozen or refrigerated— not held at room temperature. Place an easily visible thermometer in the freezer to record temperatures. Remove food from freezer storage in quantities that can be used immediately. Dry Storage Dry storage areas should be well ventilated, well lit, clean and protected from pests and excessive heat and moisture. 60F to 70F is adequate for dry storage, however, 50F is ideal (with ideal humidity level of 50 % – 60 %). Practice FIFO rotation of foods in storage. CHAPTER 5: Good Practice Schools Include High Risk Population If you are a school who serves children age 6 or below, you are serving a highly susceptible population of children. These are children who are more likely then the general population to acquire a food-borne illness. As such there are a few strict food safety rules that you must adhere to. You may not use time (4 hr rule) in lieu of temperature for control of food. In other words, all food requiring temperature control must be kept about 135F or below 41F at all times. Shell eggs may not be utilized. Only pasteurized egg may be used. Shell egg may be used if combined as an ingredient in another food, such as, cake, baked goods, etc… Un-pasteurized juice may not be served. Undercooked or raw animal derived foods may not be served. Example: ice cream made with raw egg, eggnog, sunny side up eggs, egg fortified beverages. Raw seed sprouts may not be served. Changing Trends in the Food System In the past…. Produced Processed Sold Eaten Today’s Trends in the Food System Sold & Eaten Produced Processed Prevent Cross-contamination • Separate raw and RTE foods • Use only food-grade containers to store, transport, or hold food • Clean and sanitize all equipment • Destroy pathogens to prevent crosscontamination Prevention Tips: Prevent cross-contamination of Microorganisms to food contact surfaces 1. Separate raw & cooked or RTE foods 2. Keep all equipment & utensils clean & sanitized Assure good personal hygiene: 1. Proper hand washing 2. Storage of personal belongings 3. NO EATING in preparation areas § 46.261. Preventing contamination from food employees' hands. (a) Hand washing required. Food employees shall wash their hands as specified in § 46.131 (relating to cleanliness of hands and exposed portions of arms). (b) Hand contact with ready-to-eat food. Except when washing fruits and vegetables as specified in § 46.285 (relating to washing raw fruits and vegetables) or when approved in accordance with subsection (d), food employees may not contact exposed, ready-to-eat food with their bare hands, and shall use suitable utensils such as deli tissue, spatulas, tongs, single-use gloves or dispensing equipment. (c) Hand contact with food that is not ready-to-eat food. Food employees shall minimize bare hand and arm contact with exposed food that is not in a ready-to-eat form. § 46.305. Gloves: use limitations. (a) Single-use gloves. Single-use gloves shall be used for only one task (such as working with ready-to-eat food or with raw animal-derived food), used for no other purpose and discarded when damaged or soiled, or when interruptions occur in the operation. Practice Good Personal Hygiene Wash hands: • • • • • • before preparing food after using the restroom after eating or smoking after touching hair, face, or body after coughing or blowing nose after handling garbage, cleaning, or clearing tables • before beginning each new task § 46.132. Duty of food employees to wash. Food employees shall clean their hands and exposed portions of their arms as specified in § 46.131 (relating to cleanliness of hands and exposed portions of arms) as follows: Immediately before engaging in food preparation activities such as working with exposed food, working with clean equipment and utensils, and working with unwrapped singleservice and single-use articles. After touching bare human body parts other than clean hands and clean, exposed portions of arms. After using the rest room. Except as specified in § 46.151(a)(2) (relating to food contamination prevention), after coughing, sneezing, using a handkerchief or disposable tissue, using tobacco, eating or drinking. After handling soiled equipment or utensils. During food preparation, as often as necessary to remove soil and contamination and to prevent cross contamination when changing tasks. When switching between working with raw food and working with ready-to-eat food. Before donning gloves for working with food. After engaging in other activities that contaminate the hands. § 46.136. Jewelry. Food employees may not wear jewelry (including medical information jewelry) on their arms and hands while preparing food. This prohibition does not apply to a plain ring such as a wedding band. § 46.152. Hair restraints. (a) General requirement. Employees shall wear hair restraints such as hats, hair coverings or nets, beard restraints and clothing that covers body hair, that are effectively designed and worn to keep their hair from contacting exposed food; clean equipment, utensils and linens; and unwrapped single-service and single-use articles. Safety Through the Flow of Food Purchasing Storage Preparation Holding Cooling Reheating Service Figure 4.1: Types Thermometers Calibration Use Thawing • Thaw food in the refrigerator at 41F or less • Thaw in a microwave oven, only if the food will be cooked immediately afterward • Thaw food as a part of the cooking process Cold Holding Foods should be chilled prior to placing in cold holding equipment such as ice trays or refrigerated displays Cold holding temperatures should be taken at least every 2 hrs Hot Holding • Consider cooling foods and then reheating when needed • Monitor temps every 2 hrs with a calibrated thermometer • Use holding equipment such as slow cookers, steam tables, and hot holding carts only for holding food and not for cooking or reheating • Cover foods and regularly stir to maintain a safe temperature Cooling Methods 1. Divide food into shallow pans no more than two inches deep 2. Separate food into smaller or thinner portions 3. Stir food in a container placed in an ice bath 4. Stir food with ice-filled wands Cooling NEVER place large quantities of hot food in the refrigerator or freezer NEVER cool at room temperature Service • Wash hands before serving food • Do not touch RTE foods with bare hands • Avoid cross-contamination by assigning specific duties to each staff • Avoid touching surfaces that will come into contact with food • Use gloves appropriately Clean vs Sanitary CLEAN = Free of visible soil SANITARY = Free from harmful levels of foodborne pathogens With a Commercial Dishwasher Follow the manufacturer’s instructions If it is a high temp machine, final rinse must reach 1800F – Is the booster on? If it is a low temp machine, is the chlorine on the final rinse 50 ppm? – Do you have test strips to check it? Storage of Cleaning Supplies Store all cleaning an sanitizing supplies away from food storage & prep areas Keep all chemicals in original containers or clearly marked containers Pest Control It is easier to prevent pests from entering a kitchen than to remove them once they are there Trash Tips Provide enough containers to hold the amount of trash expected • • • • Use trash bags in all containers Use lids on all trash containers Empty often Keep it away from food areas for insect control • Clean and sanitize regularly • Keep it from leaking CHAPTER 6: Conclusions The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Web Site A wealth of information! http://www.agriculture.state.pa.us/ . PA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bureau of Food Safety and Laboratory Services 2301 NORTH CAMERON STREET HARRISBURG PA, 17110 For further information call 717-787-4315 1/2008